Critical Conditions for Core-Collapse Supernovae

The explosion of a core-collapse supernova can be approximated by the breakdown of steady-state solutions for accretion onto a proto-neutron star (PNS). We analytically show that as the neutrino luminosity exceeds a critical value L_c, the neutrinosphere pressure exceeds the hydrostatic limit even for an optimal shock radius R. This yields L_c \propto M^2 T^2 (with logarithmic corrections) and R \propto M/T, in agreement with numerical results, where M, T are the PNS mass, neutrino temperature. The near-critical flow can be approximated as a ballistic shell on top of an isothermal layer.Comment: PRL accepte

Detection of polarized Fermi-bubble synchrotron and dust emission

The elusive polarized microwave signal from the Fermi bubbles is disentangled from the more extended polarized lobes, which similarly emanate from the Galactic plane but stretch farther west of the bubbles. The ~20% synchrotron polarization reveals magnetic fields preferentially parallel to the bubble edges, as expected downstream of a strong shock. The ~20% polarization of thermal dust emission is similarly oriented, constraining grain alignment in an extreme environment. We argue that the larger lobes arise from an older Galactic-center, likely supermassive black-hole, outburst.Comment: 6 pages with 3 figure