English verse translations of Greek tragedy, 1800-1840

Between 1800 and 1840 there developed an unusual interest in Greek tragedy, manifested in numerous articles in the most popular periodicals of the time and many new translations. My purpose is to account for the beginnings of this interest, to trace its development in relation to certain influencing events, to attempt a definition of the theory of translation in the early nineteenth century and finally to examine the translations themselves, both in relation to contemporary theories of translation and on their own merits as English poetry. The educational system of the time, based as it was on Latin and Greek, tended to produce people more or less proficient in the skills of translation, and more or less interested in Greek literature. At this time, too, despite the continuing poverty of university education, Greek scholars were facilitating the study of Greek tragedy by producing better, more readable editions. Among those who had no classical education (working-class men, businessmen and women), only a few ever learned enough Greek to be able to read Greek texts; but because some knowledge of Greek literature was regarded as a desirable accomplishment, many were eager to read translations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century an interest in classical Greece had been fostered by such things as Josiah Wedgwood's imitation-Greek pottery, the publication of Flaxman's illustrations of the works of Homer and Aeschylus and the greater ease of travel to the Eastern Mediterranean. Between 1807 and about 1820 this interest was strongly influenced by the arrival in England of the Elgin Marbles, the temporary residence in Paris of the Greco-Roman statues looted by Napoleon from Italy, and the publication of Schlegel's Lectures on Dramatic Art. Schlegel's frequent repetition of the German theory of the relationship between ancient drama and sculpture was echoed in the popular lectures of Coleridge and Thomas Campbell. After 1820 the Greek War of Indepexidence was associated in many minds with the Persian invasion of classical Greece and thence with Aeschylus. The periodicals responded to their readers' need for more information beginning with a series in Blackwood's Magazine in 1817, many of them published articles on Greek tragedy which usually included passages in translation. In the 1830s Blackwood's and its rival Fraser's Magazine even published several full-length translations at a time when the publication of books containing translations reached a peak, one or two imitations of Greek tragedy were performed before enthusiastic audiences, and the production of original English poetry had, for various reasons, reached its lowest ebb. The theory of translation at this time was in a state of transition. Although the earlier writing of Denham and Dryden still influenced theorists, there was a growing preference for translations which were a true mirror of the thought and style of the originals, rather than a reinterpretation in the form and idiom of contemporary English poetry. This is shown in the translations themselves, which at the beginning of the period imitate eighteenth-century poetry, but which by the 1830s are generally closer to the letter, style and meaning of the original plays. Although some of the translations are bad, both as translations and as poetry, a surprising number of them (particularly those by Robert Morehead, Thomas Dale and Thomas Medwin) have considerable merit

Using the 2011 Rugby World Cup as a catalyst for the reproduction and refinement of New Zealand's national identity: Uniting a nation around a brand image.

This study focuses on how the New Zealand Government used a mega sports event, the 2011 Rugby World Cup, as a catalyst for the reproduction and refinement of national identity. The ways that the government used a major event to unite the nation of New Zealand around the strong brand image generated by the event are examined and critically discussed in the thesis. This study used a case study methodology with data collected through discourse analysis. The three key themes Presenting New Zealand, Being a New Zealander and Growing New Zealand emerged, with the theme of Propaganda identified and introduced for further discussion at a later stage of the study. The discourse analysis highlighted how the government sought to promote New Zealand to the rest of the world with particular emphases on opportunity, reputation and innovation. Such an approach led to the success of the government’s and Rugby New Zealand’s stadium of four million strategy. In addition, the potential for future similar campaigns to be grounded on national identity was established

Shy adolescents' perceptions of parents' psychological control and emotional warmth: Examining bidirectional links

Two kinds of parental behaviors—psychological control and emotional warmth—have been linked with children's shy behaviors. The questions we addressed are whether this applies to adolescent shyness, and whether shyness in itself might also affect perceptions of parental behaviors. The participants were 916 seventh to ninth graders in a longitudinal project. We used a cross-lagged panel model with three time points in MPlus with adolescents' self-reports of shyness and perceptions of parents' psychological control (intrusive control and rejection) and warmth. Shyness predicted an increase in perceptions of intrusive control by parents at Time 2, which then predicted an increase in shyness at Time 3. Shyness also predicted an increase in perceived rejection by parents at Time 2. Finally, shyness predicted decreases in parental warmth at both time points. The effects did not differ for boys and girls. These results show that adolescent shyness predicts parental behaviors, though perhaps less strongly than in childhood. They also suggest some bidirectional effects in which perceived parental responses to shy youths might serve to strengthen the shyness

North Carolina's Stream Watch Program: Citizen Involvement in Water Protection

North Carolina's Department of Natural Resources and Community Development (NRCD), under the leadership of Secretary Joe Grimsley, has placed a high priority on increasing citizen involvement in the department's programs. The Stream Watch program, launched in March 1983, was developed to encourage citizens to become actively involved in local water resource management and protection. The program's three primary goals are: The seven NRCD regional offices provide staff support for Stream Watch activities, but groups must take the initiative for planning appropriate projects. Financial support has been made available through a $30,000 grant from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. This money has been allocated to many groups throughout the state in the form of grants ranging from$200 to $1000. 1. To encourage North Carolina's citizens to "adopt" watersheds near their homes and make a long-range commitment to watch over and care for those areas 2. To increase citizens' awareness of and involvement in water resource management and protection 3. To establish a working partnership among North Carolina's citizens, industries and state and local governments. Citizen groups interested in participating in Stream Watch are asked to identify a local creek, river, lake or estuary that they are particularly concerned about. They agree to adopt that area, and register it with the central Stream Watch Coordinator in Raleigh. In return, they receive a folder of information on the Stream Watch program and related water resource issues. The groups are asked to inventory their adopted areas, learning about their history, land uses and natural assets. They should evaluate the areas' potentials and take stock of their present needs and problems

THE AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS / VACCINE LINK DEBATE: A HEALTH SOCIAL MOVEMENT

Over the past ten years, the parents and loved ones of thousands of individuals afflicted with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have mobilized around the idea that vaccines play a causative role in ASDs. The US Federal government and Western mainstream medicine refute this, claiming evidence refutes any causal link between vaccines and ASD. The result has been a heated dispute between ASD/vaccine link (ASD/VL) activists and mainstream medicine, both claiming legitimacy based on their own scientific research. To examine this controversy and why ASD/VL activists continue to mobilize around a scientific hypothesis that has been largely disproved, I surveyed and conducted in-depth interviews with ASD/VL activists and examined artifacts from the movement. Utilizing the theoretical framework on Health Social Movements (HSM) developed by Phil Brown and theories on boundary work developed by Thomas Gieryn I examined how and why ASD/VL activists, in collaboration with politicians and scientists, organized a movement to prove there is significant evidence showing a causative link between vaccines and ASDs. I explored how mobilization occurred around several key events including the US Congressional hearings on vaccine safety, the Immunization Safety Review Committee hearings, reports published by the Institute of Medicine, and the release of the Simpsonwood Retreat transcript. I found that while ASD/VL activists became lay experts and used scientific evidence to build their argument, they depended on their own experiential knowledge to inform their personal beliefs on ASD causation and treatment. My findings have significant impact for the study of health social movements and the study of contested illnesses

Inhibited and impulsive subgroups of socially anxious young adults: Their depressive symptoms and life satisfaction

Socially anxious people are typically thought of as being behaviorally inhibited; however, an atypical subgroup, which is impulsive rather than inhibited, has recently been identified [1]. Theoretically, inhibition and impulsivity could be viewed as different strategies for coping with anxiety that have the same goal—escape from negative emotions—but they seem to have different implications. Previous studies have found that the socially anxious-impulsive subgroup was higher on risk-prone behavior, as for example drug use, compared with a socially anxious inhibited subgroup. In this study, we aimed to identify these subgroups in a general population, and asked whether they also experience various levels of depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, as well as moderating effects of gender. Methods: Cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups of young adults (20 - 24 years old; N = 772) characterized by different profiles of social anxiety and impulsivity. These subgroups were compared on levels of internal adjustment, and the moderating effects of gender were also tested. Results: We identified five clusters, including an Anxious-Inhibited and an Anxious-Impulsive cluster. In the interaction between gender and cluster membership, gender showed evidence of moderation regarding both depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, with the young women in the Anxious-Inhibited and the Anxious-Impulsive clusters faring worst. Conclusions: We replicated previous findings demonstrating the existence of a socially anxious-impulsive subgroup, thus solidifying current knowledge that may be important when it comes to diagnostics and treatment. This may prove particularly important for young women regarding internalizing symptoms

An investigation of the pulmonary surfactant system in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection

Severe infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory failure in infants and young children. Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins which lines the alveolar surface of the lung. Clinical similarities of severe RSV infection to Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the newborn (RDS) and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) suggest that surfactant abnormalities may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The hypothesis tested in this study is that the pulmonary surfactant system is dysfunctional in severe RSV infection, due to deficiency, abnormal composition, damage or inhibition. Non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on 18 children ventilated for severe RSV infection and 16 children ventilated for surgical procedures and post operative care. It was concluded that in children with severe RSV infection, surfactant was dysfunctional. There was evidence that two mechanisms contributed to this: 1. Pulmonary surfactant proteins and phospholipids were deficient. 2. Surfactant surface activity was inhibited. Surfactant phospholipid and fatty acid composition was abnormal, and surfactant damage was present. However, the surface active properties of an organic extract of BAL fluid were intact. This indicated that damage to surfactant and change in composition did not reduce surface activity. There was minimal damage to lipids by peroxidation. In conclusion, the pulmonary surfactant system is abnormal in children with severe RSV infection. Surfactant abnormality may be an important factor leading to respiratory failure in these children. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

A Study of Premature Births in Hospital

There is an excessive perinatal mortality associated with prematurity which is reflected in the national stillbirth and neonatal death rates. In an attempt to clarify some of the problems related to prematurity, an analysis has been made of the 1,955 premature infants born in the Glasgow Royal Maternity and Women's Hospital during the four-year period, 1949 to 1952. It has been shown that the perinatal mortality rate for this series of infants was 37.7 per cent. When the infants were grouped according to weight, the numbers in each group and the chance of survival were greater with increasing weight. In 42.5 per cent of the cases studied, there was no apparent cause for the onset of premature labour. The effect of social and economic factors on this group has been discussed. The commonest complications of pregnancy associated with the birth of premature infants were found to be the toxaemias of pregnancy and multiple pregnancy. The necessity of prevention of anoxia during labour and at delivery has been discussed. It has been shown that particular care is required with breech deliveries. The importance of as hyxia as a cause of death has been demonstrated. The high percentage of deaths occurring/ occurring within 48 hours of birth is evidence of this. Also, the importance of the prevention of infection should always be borne in mind. It is suggested that there are three distinct aspects to the problem of prematurity: 1. The prevention of premature labour. 2. The management of premature labour, particularly with a view to the prevention of anoxia. 3. The care of the premature infant. Of these aspects the most important obviously is prevention and there is therefore an urgent need for much more information on the aetiology of premature birth