6 research outputs found
Diversité microbienne et interactions pathogÚne-microbiome dans les résidus de culture : le cas de Zymoseptoria tritici et Leptosphaeria maculans en systÚme blé-colza
Crop residues, a transient half-plant/half-soil compartment, are a key fully-fledged ecological niche with major biological impact on agrosystems when maintained at the surface of the cultivated soil. They also contribute to the development of plant disease epidemics as main and recurrent source of primary inoculum. To deepen our understanding of this crop residue compartment and its importance regarding the management of residue-borne diseases, we investigated the interactions between the residue microbiome and two important residue-borne fungal pathogens in wheat-oilseed rape rotations systems, Zymoseptoria tritici and Leptosphaeria maculans. Firstly, we characterized the temporal dynamics of fungal and bacterial communities associated with a large set of residues sampled in three wheat-oilseed rape rotation plots over a two-year period. The communities were characterized by metabarcoding and complementary isolations. Beyond the constitution of fungal and bacterial reference collections, this allowed the comparison between the effectiveness of cultivation-independent and dependent methods. The impact of plant species, seasonality (cropping season and degradation), and rotation on the microbiome of crop residues was demonstrated for both fungal and bacterial communities. The impact of plant species on the residue microbiome decreased over time, with the replacement of plant-specific genera by more generalist taxa originating from the soil. The cultivation-dependent method used for bacteria enabled to isolate most of the abundant taxa identified by metabarcoding (unlike fungi, due to technical biases) demonstrating the complementarity of both methods. Secondly, the effect of the presence of Z. tritici and L. maculans on the wheat and oilseed rape residue microbiome, respectively, was assessed by combining linear discriminant analyses (LDA) and ecological network analyses (ENA). For wheat, we compared the bacterial and fungal communities associated with residues, with and without preliminary Z. tritici inoculation, in or without contact with the soil, on four sampling dates during two consecutive years. The number of microorganisms promoted or inhibited by Z. tritici infection decreased over time, and was smaller for residues in contact with the soil. Although many microorganisms were impacted by the infection with the pathogen, few interacted directly with Z. tritici, despite it was considered as a keystone taxa in ENA. In parallel, the effect of L. maculans on oilseed rape residue microbiome was assessed over one year using two isogenic oilseed rape lines âDarmorâ and âDarmor-Rlm11â carrying a resistance gene against L. maculans. As for wheat, microbial communities changed as residues degraded. Despite close communities, LDA highlighted numerous microorganisms impacted by the Rlm11 gene. However, L. maculans was not considered as keystone taxa in ENA. Finally, our results provide essential information on microbial community alterations in wheat and oilseed rape residues induced by fungal pathogens. In particular, species already described as pathogens (e.g. Blumeria graminis, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria) or as biocontrol agents (e.g. Trichoderma, Epicoccum, Cryptococcus, Chaetomium) were affected by the presence of both pathogens. Metabarcoding, previously developed for plant and soil compartments, should now benefit from new applied developments to crop residues in order to identify beneficial microorganisms naturally present. The complexity and transience of interactions shows that the use of biological control agents against these diseases seems difficult to implement on residues. Further studies would be needed to use these interactions in a more applied perspective.Les rĂ©sidus de culture, compartiment Ă lâinterface plante-sol et niche Ă©cologique Ă part entiĂšre, ont un impact biologique majeur sur les agrosystĂšmes lorsqu'ils sont maintenus en surface. Ils contribuent aussi, en tant que source rĂ©currente d'inoculum, au dĂ©veloppement dâĂ©pidĂ©mies vĂ©gĂ©tales. Pour approfondir notre comprĂ©hension de ce compartiment et de son importance pour la gestion de maladies fongiques, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les interactions entre le microbiome des rĂ©sidus et deux agent pathogĂšnes importants dans les systĂšmes blĂ©-colza, Zymoseptoria tritici et Leptosphaeria maculans. Dans un premier temps nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la dynamique temporelle des communautĂ©s fongiques et bactĂ©riennes associĂ©es Ă des rĂ©sidus Ă©chantillonnĂ©s dans trois parcelles en rotation blĂ©-colza pendant une pĂ©riode de deux ans. Les communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par metabarcoding et des isolements complĂ©mentaires sur milieu. En plus de constituer deux collections de rĂ©fĂ©rence fongiques et bactĂ©riennes, cela nous a permis de comparer l'efficacitĂ© de mĂ©thodes culture-indĂ©pendante et culture-dĂ©pendante. L'impact de la plante, de la saisonnalitĂ© et de la rotation sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de culture a Ă©tĂ© significatif pour les communautĂ©s fongiques et bactĂ©riennes. L'impact de la plante sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus a diminuĂ© au cours du temps, concomitamment au remplacement des taxons originaires de la plante par des taxons originaires du sol, considĂ©rĂ©s comme plus gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. La plupart des genres bactĂ©riens identifiĂ©s par metabarcoding ont Ă©galement pu ĂȘtre isolĂ©s, contrairement aux champignons (Ă cause de biais techniques), dĂ©montrant ainsi la complĂ©mentaritĂ© des deux approches. Dans un second temps, les effets de la prĂ©sence de Z. tritici et de L. maculans sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de colza et de blĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s en combinant des analyses discriminantes linĂ©aires (LDA) et des analyses de rĂ©seaux dâinteraction (ENA). Nous avons comparĂ© les communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes et fongiques associĂ©es aux rĂ©sidus de blĂ©, avec et sans inoculation prĂ©liminaire de Z. tritici, en contact ou non avec le sol, Ă quatre dates d'Ă©chantillonnage pendant deux annĂ©es. Le nombre de micro-organismes favorisĂ©s ou dĂ©savantagĂ©s par l'infection de Z. tritici a diminuĂ© au cours du temps et a Ă©tĂ© plus faible pour les rĂ©sidus en contact avec le sol. Plusieurs micro-organismes ont Ă©tĂ© influencĂ©s par l'infection, mais peu dâentre eux ont Ă©tĂ© en interaction directe avec Z. tritici, pourtant un taxon clĂ©. ParallĂšlement, l'effet de L. maculans sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de colza a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ© sur une pĂ©riode d'un an en utilisant deux lignĂ©es isogĂ©niques 'Darmor' et 'Darmor-Rlm11' porteur dâun gĂšne de rĂ©sistance contre L. maculans. Les communautĂ©s ont Ă©voluĂ© Ă mesure que les rĂ©sidus se sont dĂ©gradĂ©s, comme pour le blĂ©. Les LDA ont montrĂ© que plusieurs micro-organismes ont Ă©tĂ© impactĂ©s par la prĂ©sence du gĂšne Rlm11, sans que L. maculans ne soit considĂ©rĂ© comme un taxon clĂ© dans les ENA. Cette Ă©tude a finalement fourni des informations essentielles sur lâinfluence des champignons pathogĂšnes sur les communautĂ©s microbiennes des rĂ©sidus de blĂ© et de colza. Leur prĂ©sence a eu un impact sur des espĂšces dĂ©jĂ dĂ©crites comme pathogĂšnes (ex. Blumeria graminis, Fusarium, Cladosporium et Alternaria) ou comme agents de biocontrĂŽle (ex. Trichoderma, Epicoccum, Cryptococcus, Chaetomium). Le metabarcoding, dĂ©jĂ utilisĂ© pour les dĂ©crire les communautĂ©s des compartiments plante et sol, gagnerait Ă ĂȘtre dĂ©sormais appliquĂ© aux rĂ©sidus de cultures pour identifier les micro-organismes potentiellement bĂ©nĂ©fiques quâils hĂ©bergent. La complexitĂ© et le caractĂšre transitoire des interactions expliquent que l'utilisation d'agents de biocontrĂŽle soit difficile Ă mettre en Ćuvre en ayant pour cible les rĂ©sidus en tant que source dâinoculum. D'autres Ă©tudes seront nĂ©cessaires pour mieux exploiter ces interactions dans une perspective appliquĂ©e
Diversité microbienne et interactions pathogÚne-microbiome dans les résidus de culture : le cas de Zymoseptoria tritici et Leptosphaeria maculans en systÚme blé-colza
Les rĂ©sidus de culture, compartiment Ă lâinterface plante-sol et niche Ă©cologique Ă part entiĂšre, ont un impact biologique majeur sur les agrosystĂšmes lorsqu'ils sont maintenus en surface. Ils contribuent aussi, en tant que source rĂ©currente d'inoculum, au dĂ©veloppement dâĂ©pidĂ©mies vĂ©gĂ©tales. Pour approfondir notre comprĂ©hension de ce compartiment et de son importance pour la gestion de maladies fongiques, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les interactions entre le microbiome des rĂ©sidus et deux agent pathogĂšnes importants dans les systĂšmes blĂ©-colza, Zymoseptoria tritici et Leptosphaeria maculans. Dans un premier temps nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la dynamique temporelle des communautĂ©s fongiques et bactĂ©riennes associĂ©es Ă des rĂ©sidus Ă©chantillonnĂ©s dans trois parcelles en rotation blĂ©-colza pendant une pĂ©riode de deux ans. Les communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par metabarcoding et des isolements complĂ©mentaires sur milieu. En plus de constituer deux collections de rĂ©fĂ©rence fongiques et bactĂ©riennes, cela nous a permis de comparer l'efficacitĂ© de mĂ©thodes culture-indĂ©pendante et culture-dĂ©pendante. L'impact de la plante, de la saisonnalitĂ© et de la rotation sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de culture a Ă©tĂ© significatif pour les communautĂ©s fongiques et bactĂ©riennes. L'impact de la plante sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus a diminuĂ© au cours du temps, concomitamment au remplacement des taxons originaires de la plante par des taxons originaires du sol, considĂ©rĂ©s comme plus gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. La plupart des genres bactĂ©riens identifiĂ©s par metabarcoding ont Ă©galement pu ĂȘtre isolĂ©s, contrairement aux champignons (Ă cause de biais techniques), dĂ©montrant ainsi la complĂ©mentaritĂ© des deux approches. Dans un second temps, les effets de la prĂ©sence de Z. tritici et de L. maculans sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de colza et de blĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s en combinant des analyses discriminantes linĂ©aires (LDA) et des analyses de rĂ©seaux dâinteraction (ENA). Nous avons comparĂ© les communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes et fongiques associĂ©es aux rĂ©sidus de blĂ©, avec et sans inoculation prĂ©liminaire de Z. tritici, en contact ou non avec le sol, Ă quatre dates d'Ă©chantillonnage pendant deux annĂ©es. Le nombre de micro-organismes favorisĂ©s ou dĂ©savantagĂ©s par l'infection de Z. tritici a diminuĂ© au cours du temps et a Ă©tĂ© plus faible pour les rĂ©sidus en contact avec le sol. Plusieurs micro-organismes ont Ă©tĂ© influencĂ©s par l'infection, mais peu dâentre eux ont Ă©tĂ© en interaction directe avec Z. tritici, pourtant un taxon clĂ©. ParallĂšlement, l'effet de L. maculans sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de colza a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ© sur une pĂ©riode d'un an en utilisant deux lignĂ©es isogĂ©niques 'Darmor' et 'Darmor-Rlm11' porteur dâun gĂšne de rĂ©sistance contre L. maculans. Les communautĂ©s ont Ă©voluĂ© Ă mesure que les rĂ©sidus se sont dĂ©gradĂ©s, comme pour le blĂ©. Les LDA ont montrĂ© que plusieurs micro-organismes ont Ă©tĂ© impactĂ©s par la prĂ©sence du gĂšne Rlm11, sans que L. maculans ne soit considĂ©rĂ© comme un taxon clĂ© dans les ENA. Cette Ă©tude a finalement fourni des informations essentielles sur lâinfluence des champignons pathogĂšnes sur les communautĂ©s microbiennes des rĂ©sidus de blĂ© et de colza. Leur prĂ©sence a eu un impact sur des espĂšces dĂ©jĂ dĂ©crites comme pathogĂšnes (ex. Blumeria graminis, Fusarium, Cladosporium et Alternaria) ou comme agents de biocontrĂŽle (ex. Trichoderma, Epicoccum, Cryptococcus, Chaetomium). Le metabarcoding, dĂ©jĂ utilisĂ© pour les dĂ©crire les communautĂ©s des compartiments plante et sol, gagnerait Ă ĂȘtre dĂ©sormais appliquĂ© aux rĂ©sidus de cultures pour identifier les micro-organismes potentiellement bĂ©nĂ©fiques quâils hĂ©bergent. La complexitĂ© et le caractĂšre transitoire des interactions expliquent que l'utilisation d'agents de biocontrĂŽle soit difficile Ă mettre en Ćuvre en ayant pour cible les rĂ©sidus en tant que source dâinoculum. D'autres Ă©tudes seront nĂ©cessaires pour mieux exploiter ces interactions dans une perspective appliquĂ©e.Crop residues, a transient half-plant/half-soil compartment, are a key fully-fledged ecological niche with major biological impact on agrosystems when maintained at the surface of the cultivated soil. They also contribute to the development of plant disease epidemics as main and recurrent source of primary inoculum. To deepen our understanding of this crop residue compartment and its importance regarding the management of residue-borne diseases, we investigated the interactions between the residue microbiome and two important residue-borne fungal pathogens in wheat-oilseed rape rotations systems, Zymoseptoria tritici and Leptosphaeria maculans. Firstly, we characterized the temporal dynamics of fungal and bacterial communities associated with a large set of residues sampled in three wheat-oilseed rape rotation plots over a two-year period. The communities were characterized by metabarcoding and complementary isolations. Beyond the constitution of fungal and bacterial reference collections, this allowed the comparison between the effectiveness of cultivation-independent and dependent methods. The impact of plant species, seasonality (cropping season and degradation), and rotation on the microbiome of crop residues was demonstrated for both fungal and bacterial communities. The impact of plant species on the residue microbiome decreased over time, with the replacement of plant-specific genera by more generalist taxa originating from the soil. The cultivation-dependent method used for bacteria enabled to isolate most of the abundant taxa identified by metabarcoding (unlike fungi, due to technical biases) demonstrating the complementarity of both methods. Secondly, the effect of the presence of Z. tritici and L. maculans on the wheat and oilseed rape residue microbiome, respectively, was assessed by combining linear discriminant analyses (LDA) and ecological network analyses (ENA). For wheat, we compared the bacterial and fungal communities associated with residues, with and without preliminary Z. tritici inoculation, in or without contact with the soil, on four sampling dates during two consecutive years. The number of microorganisms promoted or inhibited by Z. tritici infection decreased over time, and was smaller for residues in contact with the soil. Although many microorganisms were impacted by the infection with the pathogen, few interacted directly with Z. tritici, despite it was considered as a keystone taxa in ENA. In parallel, the effect of L. maculans on oilseed rape residue microbiome was assessed over one year using two isogenic oilseed rape lines âDarmorâ and âDarmor-Rlm11â carrying a resistance gene against L. maculans. As for wheat, microbial communities changed as residues degraded. Despite close communities, LDA highlighted numerous microorganisms impacted by the Rlm11 gene. However, L. maculans was not considered as keystone taxa in ENA. Finally, our results provide essential information on microbial community alterations in wheat and oilseed rape residues induced by fungal pathogens. In particular, species already described as pathogens (e.g. Blumeria graminis, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria) or as biocontrol agents (e.g. Trichoderma, Epicoccum, Cryptococcus, Chaetomium) were affected by the presence of both pathogens. Metabarcoding, previously developed for plant and soil compartments, should now benefit from new applied developments to crop residues in order to identify beneficial microorganisms naturally present. The complexity and transience of interactions shows that the use of biological control agents against these diseases seems difficult to implement on residues. Further studies would be needed to use these interactions in a more applied perspective
Diversité microbienne et interactions pathogÚne-microbiome dans les résidus de culture : le cas de Zymoseptoria tritici et Leptosphaeria maculans en systÚme blé-colza
Crop residues, a transient half-plant/half-soil compartment, are a key fully-fledged ecological niche with major biological impact on agrosystems when maintained at the surface of the cultivated soil. They also contribute to the development of plant disease epidemics as main and recurrent source of primary inoculum. To deepen our understanding of this crop residue compartment and its importance regarding the management of residue-borne diseases, we investigated the interactions between the residue microbiome and two important residue-borne fungal pathogens in wheat-oilseed rape rotations systems, Zymoseptoria tritici and Leptosphaeria maculans. Firstly, we characterized the temporal dynamics of fungal and bacterial communities associated with a large set of residues sampled in three wheat-oilseed rape rotation plots over a two-year period. The communities were characterized by metabarcoding and complementary isolations. Beyond the constitution of fungal and bacterial reference collections, this allowed the comparison between the effectiveness of cultivation-independent and dependent methods. The impact of plant species, seasonality (cropping season and degradation), and rotation on the microbiome of crop residues was demonstrated for both fungal and bacterial communities. The impact of plant species on the residue microbiome decreased over time, with the replacement of plant-specific genera by more generalist taxa originating from the soil. The cultivation-dependent method used for bacteria enabled to isolate most of the abundant taxa identified by metabarcoding (unlike fungi, due to technical biases) demonstrating the complementarity of both methods. Secondly, the effect of the presence of Z. tritici and L. maculans on the wheat and oilseed rape residue microbiome, respectively, was assessed by combining linear discriminant analyses (LDA) and ecological network analyses (ENA). For wheat, we compared the bacterial and fungal communities associated with residues, with and without preliminary Z. tritici inoculation, in or without contact with the soil, on four sampling dates during two consecutive years. The number of microorganisms promoted or inhibited by Z. tritici infection decreased over time, and was smaller for residues in contact with the soil. Although many microorganisms were impacted by the infection with the pathogen, few interacted directly with Z. tritici, despite it was considered as a keystone taxa in ENA. In parallel, the effect of L. maculans on oilseed rape residue microbiome was assessed over one year using two isogenic oilseed rape lines âDarmorâ and âDarmor-Rlm11â carrying a resistance gene against L. maculans. As for wheat, microbial communities changed as residues degraded. Despite close communities, LDA highlighted numerous microorganisms impacted by the Rlm11 gene. However, L. maculans was not considered as keystone taxa in ENA. Finally, our results provide essential information on microbial community alterations in wheat and oilseed rape residues induced by fungal pathogens. In particular, species already described as pathogens (e.g. Blumeria graminis, Fusarium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria) or as biocontrol agents (e.g. Trichoderma, Epicoccum, Cryptococcus, Chaetomium) were affected by the presence of both pathogens. Metabarcoding, previously developed for plant and soil compartments, should now benefit from new applied developments to crop residues in order to identify beneficial microorganisms naturally present. The complexity and transience of interactions shows that the use of biological control agents against these diseases seems difficult to implement on residues. Further studies would be needed to use these interactions in a more applied perspective.Les rĂ©sidus de culture, compartiment Ă lâinterface plante-sol et niche Ă©cologique Ă part entiĂšre, ont un impact biologique majeur sur les agrosystĂšmes lorsqu'ils sont maintenus en surface. Ils contribuent aussi, en tant que source rĂ©currente d'inoculum, au dĂ©veloppement dâĂ©pidĂ©mies vĂ©gĂ©tales. Pour approfondir notre comprĂ©hension de ce compartiment et de son importance pour la gestion de maladies fongiques, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les interactions entre le microbiome des rĂ©sidus et deux agent pathogĂšnes importants dans les systĂšmes blĂ©-colza, Zymoseptoria tritici et Leptosphaeria maculans. Dans un premier temps nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© la dynamique temporelle des communautĂ©s fongiques et bactĂ©riennes associĂ©es Ă des rĂ©sidus Ă©chantillonnĂ©s dans trois parcelles en rotation blĂ©-colza pendant une pĂ©riode de deux ans. Les communautĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par metabarcoding et des isolements complĂ©mentaires sur milieu. En plus de constituer deux collections de rĂ©fĂ©rence fongiques et bactĂ©riennes, cela nous a permis de comparer l'efficacitĂ© de mĂ©thodes culture-indĂ©pendante et culture-dĂ©pendante. L'impact de la plante, de la saisonnalitĂ© et de la rotation sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de culture a Ă©tĂ© significatif pour les communautĂ©s fongiques et bactĂ©riennes. L'impact de la plante sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus a diminuĂ© au cours du temps, concomitamment au remplacement des taxons originaires de la plante par des taxons originaires du sol, considĂ©rĂ©s comme plus gĂ©nĂ©ralistes. La plupart des genres bactĂ©riens identifiĂ©s par metabarcoding ont Ă©galement pu ĂȘtre isolĂ©s, contrairement aux champignons (Ă cause de biais techniques), dĂ©montrant ainsi la complĂ©mentaritĂ© des deux approches. Dans un second temps, les effets de la prĂ©sence de Z. tritici et de L. maculans sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de colza et de blĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s en combinant des analyses discriminantes linĂ©aires (LDA) et des analyses de rĂ©seaux dâinteraction (ENA). Nous avons comparĂ© les communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes et fongiques associĂ©es aux rĂ©sidus de blĂ©, avec et sans inoculation prĂ©liminaire de Z. tritici, en contact ou non avec le sol, Ă quatre dates d'Ă©chantillonnage pendant deux annĂ©es. Le nombre de micro-organismes favorisĂ©s ou dĂ©savantagĂ©s par l'infection de Z. tritici a diminuĂ© au cours du temps et a Ă©tĂ© plus faible pour les rĂ©sidus en contact avec le sol. Plusieurs micro-organismes ont Ă©tĂ© influencĂ©s par l'infection, mais peu dâentre eux ont Ă©tĂ© en interaction directe avec Z. tritici, pourtant un taxon clĂ©. ParallĂšlement, l'effet de L. maculans sur le microbiome des rĂ©sidus de colza a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ© sur une pĂ©riode d'un an en utilisant deux lignĂ©es isogĂ©niques 'Darmor' et 'Darmor-Rlm11' porteur dâun gĂšne de rĂ©sistance contre L. maculans. Les communautĂ©s ont Ă©voluĂ© Ă mesure que les rĂ©sidus se sont dĂ©gradĂ©s, comme pour le blĂ©. Les LDA ont montrĂ© que plusieurs micro-organismes ont Ă©tĂ© impactĂ©s par la prĂ©sence du gĂšne Rlm11, sans que L. maculans ne soit considĂ©rĂ© comme un taxon clĂ© dans les ENA. Cette Ă©tude a finalement fourni des informations essentielles sur lâinfluence des champignons pathogĂšnes sur les communautĂ©s microbiennes des rĂ©sidus de blĂ© et de colza. Leur prĂ©sence a eu un impact sur des espĂšces dĂ©jĂ dĂ©crites comme pathogĂšnes (ex. Blumeria graminis, Fusarium, Cladosporium et Alternaria) ou comme agents de biocontrĂŽle (ex. Trichoderma, Epicoccum, Cryptococcus, Chaetomium). Le metabarcoding, dĂ©jĂ utilisĂ© pour les dĂ©crire les communautĂ©s des compartiments plante et sol, gagnerait Ă ĂȘtre dĂ©sormais appliquĂ© aux rĂ©sidus de cultures pour identifier les micro-organismes potentiellement bĂ©nĂ©fiques quâils hĂ©bergent. La complexitĂ© et le caractĂšre transitoire des interactions expliquent que l'utilisation d'agents de biocontrĂŽle soit difficile Ă mettre en Ćuvre en ayant pour cible les rĂ©sidus en tant que source dâinoculum. D'autres Ă©tudes seront nĂ©cessaires pour mieux exploiter ces interactions dans une perspective appliquĂ©e
Impact of a resistance gene against a fungal pathogen on the plant host residue microbiome: the case of the Leptosphaeria maculans-Brassica napus pathosystem
Oilseed rape residues are a crucial determinant of stem canker epidemiology, as they support the sexual reproduction of the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. The aim of this study was to characterise the impact of a resistance gene against L. maculans infection on residue microbial communities and to identify micro-organisms interacting with this pathogen during residue degradation. We used near-isogenic lines to obtain healthy and infected host plants. The microbiome associated with the two types of plant residues was characterised by metabarcoding. A combination of linear discriminant analysis and ecological network analysis was used to compare the microbial communities and to identify micro-organisms interacting with L. maculans. Fungal community structure differed between the two lines at harvest, but not subsequently, suggesting that the presence/absence of the resistance gene influences the microbiome at the base of the stem whilst the plant is alive, but that this does not necessarily lead to differential colonisation of the residues by fungi. Direct interactions with other members of the community involved many fungal and bacterial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants). L. maculans appeared to play a minor role in networks, whereas one ASV affiliated to Plenodomus biglobosus (synonym Leptosphaeria biglobosa) from the Leptosphaeria species complex was considered a keystone taxon in the networks at harvest. This approach could be used to identify and promote micro-organisms with beneficial effects against residue-borne pathogens, and more broadly, to decipher the complex interactions between multi-species pathosystems and other microbial components in crop residues
Population structure of the faba bean blight pathogen Ascochyta fabae (teleomorph, Didymella fabae) in Tunisia
International audienceAscochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta fabae (teleomorph: Didymella fabae) has decreased faba bean production in Tunisia and worldwide. The teleomorph has recently been observed in Tunisia, raising new questions of how to control this major disease. Isolates (317) of the pathogen were obtained between 2011 and 2013, from four geographical regions in Tunisia (Beja, Bizerte, Jendouba and Tunis). The 240 isolates obtained in 2012 were compared for mating type frequency and genetic variation by using ten polymorphic SSR markers. Of these isolates, MAT1-2 was more common (2:1) in Tunisia than MAT1-1, but this ratio can change according to population. Low to high genetic variation was detected between locations and among pathogen populations. Beja showed the greatest genotypic richness (R = 0.42), followed by Tunis (R = 0.25), Bizerte (R = 0.13), and Jendouba (R = 0.11). Indices of association (I-A) and Rd were significantly different from 0 in all the populations, suggesting high multilocus linkage disequilibrium and confirming clonal populations. Population structure of the isolates was inferred using Bayesian analyses, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Minimum Spanning Networks, which all revealed that the populations from each location were not distinct. Evaluating changes in seasonal genetic diversity showed low to high variances of F-ST values between the two cropping seasons in all regions. However, the PCA analysis failed to separate the A. fabae isolates sampled during the two successive seasons into two groups, indicating that these populations did not constitute distinct genetic groups. These results suggest that gene flow was limited among populations, even those separated by short geographic distances. Future studies should enlarge the number of samples of representative populations, to overcome the limitations of a small sample size and to provide a more accurate assessment of A. fabae population structure