Politics as Usual or Political Change: The War on Poverty\u27s Community Action Program in Albany, N.Y., 1959-1967

The historical narrative of the Great Society in general, and the Community Action Program in particular, has largely reflected the events and experiences in large cities such as New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, ignoring smaller communities’ implementation of the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act (EOA). This article examines the struggle to develop Albany’s CAP and provides a greater understanding of city’s race relations during the early 1960s. I argue that the conflict over community action exacerbated race relations in Albany and contributes to the ongoing narrative about the significance of the War on Poverty in smaller urban areas. A study of Albany’s experience’s with the CAP suggests that the city and county government leaders went to extreme measures to resist outside interference, intimidate political opposition, and ignore the repeated call for involvement of the poor in the decision making process

Documenting diversity: developing special collections of underdocumented groups

This article explores the theoretical and practical developments in documentation planning for acquiring archival manuscript material of under-documented topics. The author examines the emergence of documentation planning theory in the 1970s and 1980s as a response to historians’ and archivists’ calls regarding the lack of historical records related to racial and ethnic groups, women, the working class, and the lives of ordinary people. Heeding this call, archivists initiated programs to assist repositories in identifying and selecting materials that present a more balanced historical record. The author concludes by assessing one repository’s experience with collecting records on underdocumented topics and suggesting a model for other special collection libraries and archival repositories

Documenting diversity: developing special collections of underdocumented groups

This article explores the theoretical and practical developments in documentation planning for acquiring archival manuscript material of under-documented topics. The author examines the emergence of documentation planning theory in the 1970s and 1980s as a response to historians’ and archivists’ calls regarding the lack of historical records related to racial and ethnic groups, women, the working class, and the lives of ordinary people. Heeding this call, archivists initiated programs to assist repositories in identifying and selecting materials that present a more balanced historical record. The author concludes by assessing one repository’s experience with collecting records on underdocumented topics and suggesting a model for other special collection libraries and archival repositories

Moving the Archivist Closer to the Creator: Implementing Integrated Archival Policies for Born Digital Photography at Colleges and Universities

This article discusses integrated approaches to the management and preservation of born digital photography. It examines the changing practices among photographers, and the needed relationships between the photographers using digital technology and the archivists responsible for acquiring their born digital images. Special consideration is given to technical issues surrounding preservation and access of image formats. It explores how integrated policies can enhance the success of managing born digital photographs in an academic setting and illustrates the benefits and challenges to acquisition, description, and dissemination of born digital photographs. It advocates for the archivist’s active involvement in the photographer’s image management practices to improve the acquisition and preservation of images

Niacin-mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system

Abstract: Remyelination following CNS demyelination restores rapid signal propagation and protects axons; however, its efficiency declines with increasing age. Both intrinsic changes in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell population and extrinsic factors in the lesion microenvironment of older subjects contribute to this decline. Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are critical for successful remyelination, releasing growth factors and clearing inhibitory myelin debris. Several studies have implicated delayed recruitment of macrophages/microglia into lesions as a key contributor to the decline in remyelination observed in older subjects. Here we show that the decreased expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 of aging mouse microglia and human microglia in culture underlies their reduced phagocytic activity. Overexpression of CD36 in cultured microglia rescues the deficit in phagocytosis of myelin debris. By screening for clinically approved agents that stimulate macrophages/microglia, we have found that niacin (vitamin B3) upregulates CD36 expression and enhances myelin phagocytosis by microglia in culture. This increase in myelin phagocytosis is mediated through the niacin receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2). Genetic fate mapping and multiphoton live imaging show that systemic treatment of 9–12-month-old demyelinated mice with therapeutically relevant doses of niacin promotes myelin debris clearance in lesions by both peripherally derived macrophages and microglia. This is accompanied by enhancement of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell numbers and by improved remyelination in the treated mice. Niacin represents a safe and translationally amenable regenerative therapy for chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis

Correction to: Niacin-mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system.

The article Niacin‑mediated rejuvenation of macrophage/microglia enhances remyelination of the aging central nervous system, written by Khalil S. Rawji, Adam M.H. Young, Tanay Ghosh, Nathan J. Michaels, Reza Mirzaei, Janson Kappen, Kathleen L. Kolehmainen, Nima Alaeiilkhchi, Brian Lozinski, Manoj K. Mishra, Annie Pu, Weiwen Tang, Salma Zein, Deepak K. Kaushik, Michael B. Keough, Jason R. Plemel, Fiona Calvert, Andrew J. Knights, Daniel J. Gaffney, Wolfram Tetzlaff, Robin J. M. Franklin and V. Wee Yong, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet

Huckster shop to superette : an ethnohistorical analysis of the development of the outport shop on the southern Avalon Peninsula (Nfld.)

This thesis attempts to deal with a specific entrepreneurial phenomenon characteristic of many Newfoundland outports in the 20th. century - the outport shop. To this end the study commences with an overview of the mercantile credit system of the 19th. century. The purpose here is to show how this system contributed to the emergence of the shop as a petty but crucial alternate supply system to the outport. Consideration is given to certain historical events of the 20th. century which furthered the shop's development owing to their impact on Newfoundland in general and the study area in particular. The use of credit at the shop was fundamental to their growth; hence, there is considerable discussion of this aspect of shopkeeping. In this context some attention is also given to the development of the shopkeeper-client relationship. The final portion of the thesis departs from a preoccupation with economic considerations to deal with the shop in a social context. The prime focus here is to examine the social costs and profits which are peculiar to small indigenous enterprises, not only in Newfoundland but cross-culturally

Moving the Archivist Closer to the Creator: Implementing Integrated Archival Policies for Born Digital Photography at Colleges and Universities

This article discusses integrated approaches to the management and preservation of born digital photography. It examines the changing practices among photographers, and the needed relationships between the photographers using digital technology and the archivists responsible for acquiring their born digital images. Special consideration is given to technical issues surrounding preservation and access of image formats. It explores how integrated policies can enhance the success of managing born digital photographs in an academic setting and illustrates the benefits and challenges to acquisition, description, and dissemination of born digital photographs. It advocates for the archivist’s active involvement in the photographer’s image management practices to improve the acquisition and preservation of images

Public or Private? Reconsidering Ownership and Value of State Legislators' Papers

Unlike congressional and presidential papers collections, which have a rich archival literature in support of their acquisition and management, archivists and researchers frequently overlook and undervalue state legislators’ papers. One reason for undervaluing state legislators’ papers is the lack of legal guidelines in most states for ownership of these political papers. This article presents the results of a broad survey of state laws and collecting policies within state archives regarding the collecting of state legislators’ papers. Overall, archivists, lawmakers, and the general public need to become more aware of the value of state legislators’ papers, pass laws that protect and define ownership of state legislators’ papers, and advocate for greater collaboration between state archival programs and other archival repositories to ensure their preservation

Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Documenting Environmental Activism in New York State

A significant component of the political history of New York and other states in the second half of the twentieth century is the extraordinary growth of a social movement directed at environmental issues. The authors completed a case study of a documentation project to collect archival records about the history of environmental affairs in New York State. This article critically examines documentation strategy and the evolution of statewide documentation projects in New York, describes the implementation of a documentation project for environmental affairs, and suggests methods for improving the identification and selection of records of enduring value. The project set out to answer a number of questions about the scope of environmental affairs, the nature of the political culture for environmental public policy, and the best way to develop an effective methodology for collection development, for record surveying, and for the education of record holders. A primary finding of the study was that holders of archival records are in dire need of education about the importance of and methods for depositing, providing access to, and preserving archival records