Treaty Interpretation from a Negotiator\u27s Perspective

The international law of treaty interpretation is based on the perspective of an objective third party, such as a court, seeking to interpret an agreement after it has been negotiated. The result is a legal regime that attempts unnecessarily to apply a uniform approach to all treaty provisions and which places primary emphasis on resolving disputes rather than on enforcing the parties\u27 intent. This approach takes insufficient account of the actual process of treaty negotiation, undercuts the legitimacy of the court\u27s interpretation and potentially diminishes the effectiveness of treaties as a means of governing international relations. International law needs a theory of treaty interpretation based not on the perspective of a court but rather on that of a negotiator. This essay offers such a theory. The essay is divided into four parts. Part I, the Introduction, will discuss the purposes of the international law of treaty interpretation and define some terms to be used in the subsequent analysis. Part II will then summarize and analyze the current international law of treaty interpretation. Part III will provide a case study of a treaty negotiation which offers a basis for a different approach to treaty interpretation. Finally, Part IV will outline a theory of treaty interpretation from a negotiator\u27s perspective

IIA provisions, properly interpreted, are fully consistent with a robust regulatory state

The provisions of contemporary international investment agreements trace their origins to the U.S. postwar friendship, commerce and navigation treaties, which were rooted in the liberalism of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Their negotiating history demonstrates that the original understanding of these provisions is wholly consistent with a robust regulatory state

国际投资协定条款与强有力的规制型国家的一致性

The provisions of contemporary international investment agreements trace their origins to the U.S. postwar friendship, commerce and navigation treaties, which were rooted in the liberalism of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Their negotiating history demonstrates that the original understanding of these provisions is wholly consistent with a robust regulatory state

Long-term Psychological and Occupational Effects of Providing Hospital Healthcare during SARS Outbreak

TOC Summary Line: Healthcare workers in hospitals affected by SARS experience increased psychological stress 1–2 years after the outbreak