Letter from Annie K[ennedy] Bidwell to John Muir, 1878 Feb 9.

Rancho Chico,Feb. 9th, 1878.My dear Mr. Muir:I have but a few moments at my command this morning, but feel impelled to use them in writing you a few lines of thanks for the beautiful and highly prized specimen of sand carved wood, and for your views regarding Prof. G[unning]. In the meantime I had written Sallie [Kennedy] to ascertain from Dr. Gray, visiting Washington, his opinion of the professor\u27s ability, the latter professing the most cordial and intimate relations with Prof. Gray. Her reply I enclose, which you are at liberty, if you desire, to shew confidentially to Prof. Allen and Mr. Swett.However I would prefer you suggest to them to ascertain from Boston the standing of Prof. Gunning among scientists, as it is painful to me to appear hypocritical in acting friendship for the Professor while I expose him. You can appreciate my position, though I can say I have not acted toward him in any way my conscience condemns. I told you of his letters to us, and the nature of our friendship, and it is now just where it then was. I still confess to him my unbelief in his peculiar views, and drive him to the wall if I can so there is no hypocrisy. He says forty teachers urge him to establish a school of Natural History at Santa Cruz, and he tells of lectures in San Francisco when twelve hundred were present, and the hall crowded, and I can not quietly sit by and fail to warn the innocent seekers after knowledge that they ought to ascertain how reliable is the information they are absorbing, or hope to absorb. His lectures here he pronounces miserable failures, so very few attending. Believing him unreliable I could not ask him to lecture, so he wrote for, and obtained, the Congregational Church. The pastor thereof having some enemies who decline to enter his church under any circumstances influences some to absent themselves, the rainy weather others, while some have read the reports of his lectures elsewhere and do not like their tenor, while some say he is no scientist in our opinion. I am sorry for the Professor, but glad so few have been instructed by him here. He says his audiences here have been simply ridiculous. To-day I heard from reliable source that he says he has been told that our pastor, Mr. Ellis, has kept persons away. That is not so, for Mr. Ellis has attended several himself, and told some of his people to hear him and judge for themselves, as he intended doing. I have refrained from influencing for, and it would doubtless be construed against him, for which I should rather be glad than otherwise. To-day Mr. Knowlton accompanied him to the foothills in search of fossils, specimens of which Mr. Knowlton has shewn him, and which elicit his admiration and wonder.I will read the works to which you refer, in so far as I can, and shall always be grateful for any suggestions regarding desirable works which you may think profitable to me.Your article on the Humming Bird of the Sierra was charming. (I hope none of your articles may escape me.) Mamma read the article and wrote me that she thought it the loveliest article she had ever read. But adieu, and believe me,Ever sincerely yours,br\u3eAnnie K[ennedy] Bidwel

Letter from Annie K[ennedy] Bidwell to John Muir, 1878 Jan 21.

[3]attach your autograph. Did you know I accompanied my sister as far as Battle Mountain on her journey home. Well I did, and we stopped at Lake Tahoe, and sailed over these wonderful wa- ters from nine A.M. until four P.M. ever amazed at the varied beauties thereof. Beautiful gems seemed to sparkle in the sunlight as the spray was strown up by the boat. Even saphires of exquisite brilliancy, and emeralds, & innumerable gems. I sit now and closing my eyes see it all, and look down into the wondrous beauty of the water; silver, pearl, blue, green, [underlined: black], and [underlined: purple], and in all their varied shades. Is there else where such won- drous water? It passed any concept- tion of water I had ever had, and is to me a constant wonder & enjoyment. I had thought the water of the big Spring at Big Meadows must sur- pass all other waters, so wondrous clear & beautiful it is; but Lake Tahoe surpasses it immeasurably. I did768 [1] Rancho Chico Jan 27th 1878My Dear Mr Muir. I had set apart this evening for you, but as on similar oc- casions, have been interrupted by visit- ors, until now it is almost too late to move than commence a letter; but com- mence one I must, having really worried over my delay in responding to your very welcome received last month. General thought it so instruct- tive and interesting that he enclosed it to my sister to read; who reports that she also enjoyed it, and asks me to say to you that you will receive a pamphet, containing engraving of Sir Joseph Hooker, which will be rather out of date as she was not able to get it under six weeks from the time she[Page 2][2]ordered it, and it was a month old when she saw the copy. I am to have one also, she tells me. Recently I received a very kind letter from Sir Joseph, enclosing an excellent photograph of himself and wife. He said Dr Gray had communicated news of your sail down the Sacramento river, received from me, and that he was very anxious to learn how the expedi- tion terminated, and added “I want to hear from Muir, am writing him now.” So ere this you doubtless have re- ceived & answered his letter, but, lest you might not be able to write immediately, I ventured in my acknowledgemen of his favors to give him a few items regarding your expe- ditions. I hope you will tell him about our trip from Mt Shata, & what you saw at cinder cone, and of the [illegible] inch high tree of which I have the cone! I told Dr Gray, or rather asked Mrs Gray to, but I fear they will think me mis- taken. If you repeat it they will have assurance. I also told of the grand “Williamsonii” on Sassen. Do tell them all you can, for Mrs & Dr Gray say they are anxious to hear from you; & Dr Gray says he feels that he only had a taste where he wished a good meal & time to digest it. Mrs Gray recently sent me views of their camp on Abeyta Pass, taken by Prof. Hayden. Also a group taken while out here, of herself, Dr Gray and Sir Joseph. In the Abeyta Pass photographs the entire party is taken as it was in Colorado, including Prof. Hayden Dr Lamboon & others unknown to me, and is sufficiently large to frame and hang on the wall. Now I want [underlined: yours]. A real good one of you, too, and I want it [underlined: very] soon, for you see the collection is not complete until I have it. Also please[Page 3][6]that it was so in other countries, that in Africa certain white animals were dying out and the black surviving; that the white ate a poisonous weed the odor of which they seemed unable to discover while the black discovered it, avoided it, and lived. As the Professor was continually claiming our descent [ route?] & relationship to animals, I remarked here, [deleted: that] “Then it is different with man, for it is claimed the black is giving way before the white”. His answer was that “all circumstances being equal- ly favorable the black would survive the white. That the improved surround- ings of the white made them the stronger where as the black naturally were the stronger.” Did you ever hear such ar- guments.” How did the white get their superior surroundings? If Prof. Gunning is really a wise man I want you to tell me so I could not resist comparing the benefit derived from our intercourse with Dr Gray. Sir Joseph & yourself, to that derived from our several days with Prof. Gunning. He did not teach us one new00768 2 [4]not enjoy the surrounding scenery of Lake Tahoe as I do that of Big Meadows, and thought I could understand your compare- ison bet the two. Lake Tahoe’s scenery was sad and oppressive to me, while that of Big Meadows always is so cheerful, harmonious, and exalting. There is a gladness combined with its grandeur which impresses me with a sense of its perfection. I love to sit, and gaze, and drink it in; and each succeeding visit renders it more attractive to me. We also stopped at Virginia City and after studying to science of mining as ex- hitited above ground, descended into the Ophir mine nineteen hundred feet! I confess to being very [illegible] to descend into the blackness & depth, but the per- suasions of the party conquered, and the result was that I saw more than I had ever expected to, of mining. It was a most interesting and in- structive experience, and while thank- ful for having enjoyed the [underlined: benefit], con-[Page 4][5]fess to a joy experienced in again breathing the free air of heaven, and beholding the light of the sun. We went through the Ophir & Consolidated Virginia, and I presume you know what we saw as well as I could tell you; There were seven of us, Prof. Gun- ning being of the party. And here I want to ask you your opin- ion of that gentleman. I promise not to betray confidence, for I am really anxious to know something about him. He had letters to General and myself, and expects to visit Chico ere returning east. Is merry and amusing, but I do not believe a word he says, scientifically, and I will tell you why. First, because he con- fessed to having deceived persons rather than confess his ignor- ance. Second – because he always evaded, or deliberately im- povised answers which I knew incorrect – when cornered. An instance – He insisted that “the whole scientific world with- out exception, admits that man is evolved out of a lower ani- mal”. I replied that Dr Gray does not, [underlined: for he had so told] me. (Prof Gunning at first declared Dr Gray does, but when I added “he told me he does not”, then Prof. Gunning replied “ Well Gray does not, but he is the only one”.) To prove his theory he would constantly twist everything [underlined: twistable] into harmony with his theory. A passing drove of hogs was turned to the same account, but seemingly un- intentionally. “I notice that in California and Nevada the white hogs are giving way to the black, the black are evolved from the white: (you can see it in these hogs, they have mostly become black”. I replied “yes, but in the cause you are mistaken: The Chester white is too delicate a hog for this country’s mode of treatment, requiring great care; while the Essex & Berkshire, both black hogs naturally, [deleted: would] thrive under the hearding system and grow fat on grass, & can bear exposure to the weather, hence are the only hogs which our people can afford to keep.” This annoyed Prof. Gunning and he replied[Page 5][9]But I must say good night, pray- ing that you may be kept in safe- ty and happiness, and remain Very Sincerely Your friend Anne K. BidwellMr John Muir. 00763[second part cut off when photographed][Page 6]3 [7]thing. He assured as that the Bible is a fraud, yet quoted it to prove Adam & Eve were “people all covered with hair like ani- mals”, which he assured us the origin- al of the term “naked” signified. At Lake Tahoe, when viewing the “fish culture” establishment he announced that in the trout we could see development illustrated. That often a trout is hatched with two heads. I assured him I could not see such in the water before us, and his answer was that the two headed die. I replied that to me the argument was against his theory in as much as the monsters fail to survive. He also said all botanists, Dr Gray included, teach that plants change from one to another “Your do not mean that lily becomes a rose or a similar change occurs” I replied. He answered “yes I do, & Dr Gray will tell you so too.” I have seen a statement by “Dr Carrathers the Keeper of the botanical department of the British museum” to the [Page 7][8]effect that he has carefully studied this question but fails to find any facts to prove it, but rather the contrary. And I have an extract from his address before the geological Association on this subject, delivered last year. Also a statement by Prof. Davidson regard- ing another point on which Prof Gunning said [underlined: all] scientists agree; evolution in animal life. In this article Prof. Davidson says that after 15 years of careful study, at Prof. Darwin’s request, of the Brachiopoda, he has been unable to “produce a single actual fact in support of the theory”. Please tell me who is nearest right & in what you think Prof. G. right or wrong. Will you please tell me the name of the plant on which we spread our blankets, under those grand Abies Williamisonii, on Lassen. “Also the plant which you pronounced one of your favorites, and for which you named our camp”. I have forgotten both, and wish to know them. We congratulate you on the grand success of your recent explorations, and are truly thankful you were preserved through every danger, and arrived safely among the haunts of man. Against this last clause you may rebel, but we are none the less glad that it is true. I trust your life may long be spared to gather these stores of knowledge whereby the world is made wiser and better, and from which you derive such pure joy. We shall always be so glad to hear from you when you feel like writing and shall hope ere long to have our promis- ed visit. Just now the rain is copiously visiting us, and soon the flowers will [ show?] their pretty faces and we do hope you will be here to enjoy their beauty with us

Letter from Annie K[ennedy] Bidwell to John Muir, 1881 Dec 21.

Rancho Chico,Dec. 21st,1881.Dear Mr. Muir:Last summer, during your absence in polar regions, I received a note from Genl. Alvord, a friend of Prof. Butler\u27s, asking me to forward you the enclosed slip, as he could not ascertain your address in the East.I sent, in reply, your parting note to us, asking Genl. Alvord to forward it to Prof. Butler, as your address would thus be given him, and the news of your little daughter\u27s advent.Ever since, I have intended writing you, but postponed so doing, ever hoping for the leisure moment, which never will come. but has to be forced. I also have that article of yours on Mountain Sculpture, which I will send when you tell me how. I fear trusting it to the Post office without your order, and have hoped to have taken it some time, when General and I could drop in on you! I forgot it when General visited you.General reported the babe a beauty.He does not usually admire babes, but said yours was a beautiful lovely babe. He regretted being so hurried in his visit that he had so little opportunity to become acquainted with Mrs. Muir; but next spring we wish you and Mrs. Muir and the babe to make us a visit.I am thinking of going East on Jan. 3d, for a short visit, to take Guy Kennedy, as my parents are so urgent for me to do so.But expect to return before spring fairly sets in.We had such a charming visit from Dr. Parry and Prof. Hilgard, and afterward from Dr. and Mrs. Parry, of which you have learned, but I can not resist telling you again, as it is a pleasure to recall their visit, again and again.We were truly glad you returned so soon from the land of ice and death, and hope your appetite has been appeased for the present.I am so busy preparing for Christmas that I can scarcely rest a moment, as I am director for Christmas eve, for our Sabbath School, and we have begun preparations in the Pavilion, where we are to have our celebration.The tableaux are to be sacred, with angels, etc. Also I have many other duties.Please remember me cordially to Mrs. Muir, and with wishes for a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year for you, and wife and little one, believe me,Ever sincerely yours, Annie K. Bidwell

Letter from Annie K[ennedy] Bidwell to John Muir, 1877 Oct 13.

[4]loveliness when the fruit trees are in bloom, so you must come and see for yourself. I regret to have to say my sister leaves for Washington on Tuesday next., It is my purpose to go a day’s journey with her, that she may feel less lonely, (which of course she will if located for a day with me ere being left alone.) General suggest I stop at Lake Tahoe, but that is one of the questions. How pleas- ant if we could all visit “Kings river” as a camping party! But alas! As I am so busy today, and have written in such haste, having invited company to tea tonight, & having many calls to make this afternoon, you will pardon me for sending such a poor return for your good letter, but I prom- ise to make my next better! Wishing you every joy in your antici pated expedition, and a safe return. [1] believe me, Very Sincerely Your friend Annie K. Bidwell Rancho Chico Oct. 13th 1877Mr Muir. My dear friend. We were rejoiced last evening to receive such good news from you, as yours from Sacramento, of the 10th [ inst.?], contained. Glad of your pleasant and safe trip in that perilous little “Spoonbill”, or “Snag jumper”, the “make” of which filled us with apprehension lest it would [underlined: at least] drop you into the waters of the Sacramento. I think the “flag ship” deserved a fourth name; that of “acrobat”, since it proved itself such a dancer on, and over, snags, & brought you at last safely into port! We have been really anxious about your trip, [Page 2][2]and felt greatly relieved and grati- fied to learn how pleasantly you were spending the days which we feared were proving anything but agreeable. General predicted you would “cut across the country to the Rail road” if disgusted with “Spoonbill”, & the slow traveling. Sallie’s fear was “Snags”, and mine, so many days sitting in the hot sun. There is no comparison between walking in the sun, & sitting in its glare for days, on the water, hence my anxiety. But all ended pleasantly, & we congratulate you, & [underlined: ourselves], that it did, since our miserable carpenter made the boat, and also because of our regard for Mr John Muir! Many thanks for your charming letter, which [3]proved a real treat to us, from beginning to end, and made us ex- press the hope that the future would find us the recipients of others. We laughed and [underlined: cried] over the exploits of “Spoonbill”, and en- joyed the more instructive portions of the letter, equally, though not so merrily, of course. What a fine trip we did have in “The Sierras”! It is a constant pleasure to dwell on the scenes of grandeur & beauty there witnessed. Am glad you think pleasantly of our home, and dear Chico Creek, even if it has become so soiled by saw dust and mud. We shall hope to have the pleas- ure of shewing you Rancho Chico in winter. You have no idea of its0075

Legal Issues in Reconciling Data Protection, AI, and Cybersecurity under EU Law

This Paper focuses on certain legal responsibilities underEuropean Union (“EU”) law for companies that providecybersecurity services, by examining the intersection of dataprotection (privacy), cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence (“AI”).This Paper explores these issues in the context of a hypotheticalcybersecurity company known as “ACME Cyber Sentinel” providingservices to a hypothetical client named “TechGuard.” In fourscenarios, this Paper explores ACME Cyber Sentinel: (1) providingcybersecurity service to TechGuard; (2) gathering and processingdata from multiple clients to analyze potential cybersecurity threats;(3) training, evaluating, and deploying AI cybersecurity tools; and (4)using these AI cybersecurity tools to provide the cybersecurity servicesto TechGuard. Each of these scenarios includes two variations. Thefirst variation examines when the two companies are both based in theEU, with no processing taking place outside the EU; the secondvariation envisions that ACME Cyber Sentinel is based outside of theEU, so that data flows to a different jurisdiction. This Paper alsoanalyzes legal principles from the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”)1 and EU regulation establishing harmonizedrules on AI (“EU AI Act”)2 in the context of the main purposes forwhich cybersecurity companies use personal data—to providecybersecurity services to protect the personal data of the clientcompany and to maintain state-of-the-art cybersecurity services andtools (such as identifying new cybersecurity threats or training thealgorithms used in these cybersecurity tools). This Paper concludeswith the finding that EU-based businesses can enter into contractswith cybersecurity companies to protect EU data with state-of-the-artcybersecurity services and tools, but it is more difficult to locate alawful basis for using EU data to identify new cybersecurity threats orto train new machine learning, AI and other cybersecurity tools. Toconclude, it is clear that further clarification from EU decision-makers would help define whether and how access to personal datawill be lawful for cybersecurity purposes

Prime mover or fellow traveller:25-hydroxy vitamin D’s seasonal variation, cardiovascular disease and death in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC)

BACKGROUND: Theoretical links between seasonal lack of sunlight, hypovitaminosis D and excess cardiovascular disease and death prompted our adding novel to conventional cohort analyses. METHODS: We tested three postulates on 13 224 Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort participants, assayed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and followed for 22 years. (i) Endpoints enumerated by month of occurrence mirror annual seasonal oscillation in 25OHD. (ii) Endpoint seasonality is increased in people with below median 25OHD. (iii) Low 25OHD predicts endpoints independently of major risk factors. RESULTS: Baseline median 25OHD level was 36.4 (other quartiles 26.7, 51.7) nmol/l. The March trough was half the August peak, both well after seasonal solstices. (i) There was no demonstrable monthly variation in First Cardiovascular Event (n = 3307). Peaks and troughs for All Death and Cardiovascular Death (n = 2987, 1350) were near the solstices, earlier than extremes of 25OHD. (ii) Endpoint variability showed no difference between those above and below median 25OHD. (iii) Cox model hazard ratios (HR), by decreasing 25OHD, increased modestly and nonspecifically for all endpoints examined, with no threshold, the gradients diminishing by  ∼ : 60% following multiple adjustment. For Cardiovascular Disease, HR, by 20 (∼SD) nmol/l decrease, = 1.224 (1.175, 1.275) adjusted for age and sex; additionally adjusted for family history, deprivation index, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, = 1.093 (1.048, 1.139); All Deaths = 1.238 (1.048, 1.139) and 1.098 (1.050, 1.149). 25OHD made no independent contribution to cardiovascular discrimination and reclassification. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses challenge vitamin D's alleged role as major prime mover in cardiovascular disease and mortality.</p

The Vehicle, Fall 1984

Vol. 26, No. 1 Table of Contents Thoughts on I-57Jim Caldwellpage 3 A Night Between Lonely and BlindJennifer K. Soulepage 4 What is Unnatural is Sometimes MagicAngelique Jenningspage 4 Cutting ClosenessBecky Lawsonpage 5 PhotoBrian Ormistonpage 6 The Sensuality of Corn One Week in AugustMichelle Mitchellpage 7 American MusicJim Caldwellpage 7 Water is WaitingMichael Kuopage 8 WhereJennifer K. Soulepage 8 The Fishing HoleJan Kowalskipage 9 Miller\u27s PondSue Gradypage 9 PhotoCathy Stonerpage 11 Young Man Reading To His LoverMaggie Kennedypage 11 ShellsChristopher R. Albinpage 12 In The ShadeJohn Fehrmannpage 12 FallLynanne Feilenpage 13 IndecisionDave L. Brydenpage 13 Dark Falls SoftlyAngelique Jenningspage 14 Not a Parked \u2757 Chevy in the Summer in the CountryMichelle Mitchellpage 20 BirdAnnie Heisepage 20 Clouds Created Only For Poets And Certain WomenJennifer K. Soulepage 21 SandGraham Lewispage 22 PhotoFred Zwickypage 23 Judgment CallCathy Moepage 23 I was hip that night Dan Hintzpage 24 A Sight Of WindDan Von Holtenpage 25 Tillard Isabel M. Parrottpage 26 The WidowMaggie Kennedypage 27 The SeparationMichelle Mitchellpage 27 The Garden Hose TrialMaggie Kennedypage 28 InterruptionsJennifer K. Soulepage 28 On Happening Across Jesus While Cleaning the BasementMaggie Kennedypage 29 GileonMichelle Mitchellpage 30 If My Father Were A Writer, He Would Still BuildAngelique Jenningspage 36 A Visit to Grandpa Gib\u27s HouseTammy Veachpage 37 For Having SeenAngelique Jenningspage 38 PhotoJudy Klancicpage 39 The Earth in BlueSusan J. Bielskypage 39 Things I Could Have SaidAngelique Jenningspage 40 AcrosticsAnnie Heisepage 40https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1044/thumbnail.jp

The Vehicle, Fall 1984

Vol. 26, No. 1 Table of Contents Thoughts on I-57Jim Caldwellpage 3 A Night Between Lonely and BlindJennifer K. Soulepage 4 What is Unnatural is Sometimes MagicAngelique Jenningspage 4 Cutting ClosenessBecky Lawsonpage 5 PhotoBrian Ormistonpage 6 The Sensuality of Corn One Week in AugustMichelle Mitchellpage 7 American MusicJim Caldwellpage 7 Water is WaitingMichael Kuopage 8 WhereJennifer K. Soulepage 8 The Fishing HoleJan Kowalskipage 9 Miller\u27s PondSue Gradypage 9 PhotoCathy Stonerpage 11 Young Man Reading To His LoverMaggie Kennedypage 11 ShellsChristopher R. Albinpage 12 In The ShadeJohn Fehrmannpage 12 FallLynanne Feilenpage 13 IndecisionDave L. Brydenpage 13 Dark Falls SoftlyAngelique Jenningspage 14 Not a Parked \u2757 Chevy in the Summer in the CountryMichelle Mitchellpage 20 BirdAnnie Heisepage 20 Clouds Created Only For Poets And Certain WomenJennifer K. Soulepage 21 SandGraham Lewispage 22 PhotoFred Zwickypage 23 Judgment CallCathy Moepage 23 I was hip that night Dan Hintzpage 24 A Sight Of WindDan Von Holtenpage 25 Tillard Isabel M. Parrottpage 26 The WidowMaggie Kennedypage 27 The SeparationMichelle Mitchellpage 27 The Garden Hose TrialMaggie Kennedypage 28 InterruptionsJennifer K. Soulepage 28 On Happening Across Jesus While Cleaning the BasementMaggie Kennedypage 29 GileonMichelle Mitchellpage 30 If My Father Were A Writer, He Would Still BuildAngelique Jenningspage 36 A Visit to Grandpa Gib\u27s HouseTammy Veachpage 37 For Having SeenAngelique Jenningspage 38 PhotoJudy Klancicpage 39 The Earth in BlueSusan J. Bielskypage 39 Things I Could Have SaidAngelique Jenningspage 40 AcrosticsAnnie Heisepage 40https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1044/thumbnail.jp

Correction: Hydrophobic Core Variations Provide a Structural Framework for Tyrosine Kinase Evolution and Functional Specialization.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005885.]

Genomewide and biochemical analyses of DNA-binding activity of Cdc6/Orc1 and Mcm proteins in Pyrococcus sp.

The origin of DNA replication (oriC) of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi contains multiple ORB and mini-ORB repeats that show sequence similarities to other archaeal ORB (origin recognition box). We report here that the binding of Cdc6/Orc1 to a 5 kb region containing oriC in vivo was highly specific both in exponential and stationary phases, by means of chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with hybridization on a whole genome microarray (ChIP-chip). The oriC region is practically the sole binding site for the Cdc6/Orc1, thereby distinguishing oriC in the 1.8 M bp genome. We found that the 5 kb region contains a previously unnoticed cluster of ORB and mini-ORB repeats in the gene encoding the small subunit (dp1) for DNA polymerase II (PolD). ChIP and the gel retardation analyses further revealed that Cdc6/Orc1 specifically binds both of the ORB clusters in oriC and dp1. The organization of the ORB clusters in the dp1 and oriC is conserved during evolution in the order Thermococcales, suggesting a role in the initiation of DNA replication. Our ChIP-chip analysis also revealed that Mcm alters the binding specificity to the oriC region according to the growth phase, consistent with its role as a licensing factor