Flow characteristics of homogeneous mixture in laminar flow zone

Knowledge of the rheological characteristics of a mixture enables the defining of hydraulic losses in horizontal pipelines on the basis of dimensionless criterion type λ (Re gen), where λ is the pipe resistance dimensionless coefficient from the Darcy-Weisbach formula and Re gen is the generalized Reynolds number for the adopted rheological model. In order to describe the rheological character of plastic and viscous mixtures, the 3-parameter generalized Herschel-Bulkley model was applied. The complete gener-alized Reynolds number ReH for the Herschel-Bulkley model was formulated. The estimation of relative error ReH value determination for the laminar flow was conducted for two cases: when the yield point λ0 is taken into account and when it is not considered

EPR and MMMA Study of C60\text{}_{60} upon K-Doping

EPR and ΜΜMΑ studies of C$\text{}_{60}$ upon K-doping have been performed. Two different and well separated EPR narrow lines were detected for C$\text{}_{60}^{1-}$ and C at temperatures below 100 K. Time dependent changes in the intensities of both and C$\text{}_{60}^{3-}$ lines were observed when the system undergoes an eutectoid transformation. The evolution of superconductivity with two T$\text{}_{c}$ related to different valences (v) of C$\text{}_{60}^{v}$ ion radicals have been found

Pseudorotational Averaging of EPR Spectrum of Cu(II)O5\text{}_{5} Complex in YBa2\text{}_{2}Cu3\text{}_{3}O7−δ\text{}_{7-δ} in Low Temperatures

In low temperatures the condensation of oxygen was found to occur at 05 site in an elementary cell of YBa$\text{}_{2}$Cu$\text{}_{3}$O$\text{}_{7-δ}$ being the fifth ligand forming the CuO$\text{}_{5}$ complex around Cul copper in chain. This change of coordinantion from CuO$\text{}_{4}$ to CuO$\text{}_{5}$ is the origin of a pseudorotation related to a strong vibronic coupling of two distorted configurations: a tetragonal pyramid C$\text{}_{4v}$ and a trigonal bipyramid D$\text{}_{3h}$, which yields a pseudocubic EPR spectrum in low temperatures. The averaged spectroscopic splitting coefficient is related to a superposition of vibronically coupled orbital states |x$\text{}^{2}$ - y$\text{}^{2}$〉 and |3z$\text{}^{2}$ - r$\text{}^{2}$〉. The averaged spectrum was for the first time observed in low temperatures since the oxygen condensation in YBa$\text{}_{2}$Cu$\text{}_{3}$O$\text{}_{7-δ}$ at 05 site of the chain occur only when oxygen undergoing fast diffusion among the chains, gets localized with decreasing temperature. The activation energy of oxygen desorption from the 05 site is 36 K

Free Radicals in K and Rb Admixtured Fullerene C60\text{}_{60}

Molecules of C$\text{}_{60}$ form Van der Waals type crystals. The observations reported here concern EPR investigations of such C$\text{}_{60}$ samples with only a slight amount of Rb or K. Detected defects are (C$\text{}_{60}$)$\text{}^{+}$ or (C$\text{}_{60}$)$\text{}^{y-}$ ion-radicals. A hole (h) or trapped electron (t) are localized on one fullerene ball. In the case of potassium fullerites C$\text{}_{60}$:K the line shape of EPR signal was of the Dysonian form which is characteristic of conducting electrons in metal. The EPR lines of holes (C$\text{}_{60}$)$\text{}^{+}$ are characterized by g$\text{}_{h}$ ≥ g$\text{}_{0}$ whereas for electrons g$\text{}_{t}$ is below the value g$\text{}_{0}$ = 2.0023 characteristic of a free electron (g$\text{}_{t}$ ≤ g$\text{}_{0}$). The EPR linewidth 2ΔB$\text{}_{1s}^{h}$ of the (C$\text{}_{60}$)$\text{}^{+}$ weakly increased with decreasing temperature whereas the EPR linewidth attributed to the electron 2ΔB$\text{}^{t}$$\text{}_{1s}$ significantly decreases with decreasing temperature. The C$\text{}_{60}$:K sample reached superconducting phase below T$\text{}_{c}$ = 11 K which is significantly less than T$\text{}_{c}$ = 16.5 K observed for K$\text{}_{x}$C$\text{}_{60}$ where 2 ≤ x ≤ 4

Wetting of nanostructurized sapphire and gold surfaces

We present the results of preliminary experiments regarding research on the contact angle measurements of various liquids on solid surfaces with different morphology. The aim was to get insight into the dependence of wetting phenomena on the nanoscale surface roughness. Flat and nanostructurized surfaces of gold and sapphire were used in the experiments. Four liquids - bromobenzene, water, mercury, and gallium - covering a broad range of surface tension values were used to check how varying roughness influences wetting in the systems with different adhesion/cohesion ratio. Structurization was anisotropic, which resulted in the very interesting behaviour of the examined liquids on the selected surfaces. Significant change of the wetting properties was observed as well as a strong dependence on the surface morphology

Characteristics of Laminar Flow in Pipelines of Homogenous Alum Sludge Approximated with use of the Vočadlo Model for Viscoplastic Liquids

The study presents the manners of determination of the Darcy friction factor λ for a homogenous hydromixture of alum sludge of varied hydration and temperature for the laminar flow zone. The rheological evaluation of the hydromixture as a viscoplastic body has been conducted with use of measurements of viscosity. The curves of flow were approximated with use of the generalized Vočadlo model. The Darcy friction factor λ of the pipeline was determined with use of the non-dimensional criterion λ(Regen) and λ(Re, He).Praca przedstawia sposoby określenia współczynnika oporów rurociągu λ, dla jednorodnej hydromieszaniny osadów pokoagulacyjnych o różnym uwodnieniu i różnej temperaturze, dla laminarnej strefy przepływu. Ocenę reologiczną hydromieszaniny, jako ciała plastyczno-lepkiego, wykonano na podstawie pomiarów wiskozymetrycznych, przy zastosowaniu do aproksymacji krzywych płynięcia uogólnionego modelu Vočadli. Określenie współczynnika oporu rurociągu λ przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem bezwymiarowego kryterium λ(Regen) oraz λ(Re, He)

Charakterystyka laminarnego płynięcia w rurociągach jednorodnych osadów pokoagulacyjnych aproksymowanych modelem cieczy plastyczno-lepkich Vočadli

The study presents the manners of determination of the Darcy friction factor λ for a homogenous hydromixture of alum sludge of varied hydration and temperature for the laminar flow zone. The rheological evaluation of the hydromixture as a viscoplastic body has been conducted with use of measurements of viscosity. The curves of flow were approximated with use of the generalized Vočadlo model. The Darcy friction factor λ of the pipeline was determined with use of the non-dimensional criterion λ(Regen) and λ(Re, He).Praca przedstawia sposoby określenia współczynnika oporów rurociągu λ, dla jednorodnej hydromieszaniny osadów pokoagulacyjnych o różnym uwodnieniu i różnej temperaturze, dla laminarnej strefy przepływu. Ocenę reologiczną hydromieszaniny, jako ciała plastyczno-lepkiego, wykonano na podstawie pomiarów wiskozymetrycznych, przy zastosowaniu do aproksymacji krzywych płynięcia uogólnionego modelu Vočadli. Określenie współczynnika oporu rurociągu λ przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem bezwymiarowego kryterium λ(Regen) oraz λ(Re, He)

Oxygen Deficient YBa2\text{}_{2}Cu3\text{}_{3}O7−δ\text{}_{7-δ}: Two Superconducting Phases

A set of oxygen deficient powder and granular samples of YBa$\text{}_{2}$Cu$\text{}_{3}$O$\text{}_{7-δ}$ ceramics was studied by means of thermogravimetric and magnetically modulated microwave absorption methods. Especially the last method has turned out to be a powerful method, which was used to determine the dependence of critical temperature T$\text{}_{c}$ on the oxygen parameterδ. Using these methods it has been shown that the removing of oxygen evokes the inhomogeneous oxygen distribution in the samples and a change in carrier concentration till to the loss of superconducting properties. A superconducting phase with T$\text{}_{c}$=60 K, which occurs in oxygen deficient YBa$\text{}_{2}$Cu$\text{}_{3}$O$\text{}_{7-δ}$ sample, is an unstable phase

Oxygen Deficient YBa 2

A set of oxygen deficient powder and granular samples of YBa$\text{}_{2}$Cu$\text{}_{3}$O$\text{}_{7-δ}$ ceramics was studied by means of thermogravimetric and magnetically modulated microwave absorption methods. Especially the last method has turned out to be a powerful method, which was used to determine the dependence of critical temperature T$\text{}_{c}$ on the oxygen parameterδ. Using these methods it has been shown that the removing of oxygen evokes the inhomogeneous oxygen distribution in the samples and a change in carrier concentration till to the loss of superconducting properties. A superconducting phase with T$\text{}_{c}$=60 K, which occurs in oxygen deficient YBa$\text{}_{2}$Cu$\text{}_{3}$O$\text{}_{7-δ}$ sample, is an unstable phase

Ion Implantation and Transient Melting: A New Approach to Formation of Superconducting MgB2\text{}_{2} Phases

An attempt to synthesize superconducting MgB$\text{}_{2}$ inter-metallic compound from the liquid state is presented. The process consists of two steps. In the first one, boron ions are implanted into a magnesium substrate. In the second one, the near-surface region of such system is melted by short, intense hydrogen plasma pulses without necessity of annealing in Mg vapor. A magnetically modulated microwave absorption method was used to detect superconducting regions in the obtained MgB$\text{}_{2}$ layer. Percolation between nano-regions (islands) of MgB$\text{}_{2}$ has not been observed. However, a superconducting state of the insulated islands has been experimentally proven with transition temperatures T$\text{}_{C}$ as high as 31 K