Profile of the biodiesel B100 commercialized in the region of Londrina: application of artificial neural networks of the type self organizing maps

The 97 samples were grouped according to the year of analysis. For each year, letters from A to D were attributed, between 2010 and 2013; A (33) B (25) C (24) and D (15). The parameters of compliance previously analyzed are those established by the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), through resolution ANP 07/2008. The parameters analyzed were density, flash point, peroxide and acid value. The observed values were presented to Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Self Organizing MAP (SOM) in order to classify, by physical-chemical properties, each sample from year of production. The ANN was trained on different days and randomly divided samples into two groups, training and test set. It was found that SOM network differentiated samples by the year and the compliance parameters, allowing to identify that the density and the flash point were the most significant compliance parameters, so good for the distinction and classification of these samples

Otimização das condições de obtenção de biodiesel de óleo de soja utilizando o delineamento experimental de mistura.

A otimização do rendimento da reação de transesterificação de obtenção do biodiesel B100 foi estudada utilizando hidróxido de sódio, hidróxido de potássio, metóxido e etóxido de sódio como catalisadores. Foi aplicado o delineamento experimental de mistura simplex centróide e os resultados da otimização indicaram, com metanol, um rendimento de 97,61% quando se usa 30,77% de NaOH e 69,23% de metóxido de sódio e, com etanol, um rendimento de 89,32% quando se usa apenas o etóxido de sódio. A análise cromatográfica indicou que o biodiesel B100 obtido encontra-se dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira

Study of oxidation kinetics of B100 biodiesel from soybean and pig fat: activation energy determination.

The quality of biodiesel is extremely important for its commercialization and use; oxidation of biodiesel is a critical factor because it decreases the fuel storage time. A commercial biodiesel was mixed with synthetic antioxidants, according to a simplex-centroid experimental mixture design, and its stability was evaluated through induction period and activation energy. In all trials, addition of antioxidants increased activation energy in the mixtures containing tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). When a mixture containing 50% TBHQ and 50% butylated hydroxyanisole was used, synergistic effect was observed, and the major activation energy obtained was 104.43 kJ mol-1

APPLICATION OF THE MULTIRESPONSE OPTIMISATION SIMPLEX METHOD TO THE BIODIESEL - B100 OBTAINING PROCESS

The process of obtaining B100 biodiesel from vegetable oil and animal fat mixtures by transesterification under basic conditions was optimised using the super-modified simplex method. For simultaneous optimisation, yield, cost, oxidative stability and Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP), were used as responses, and the limits were established according to the experimental data and the conformity parameters established by legislations. Based on the predictive equations obtained from the simplex-centroid design-coupled functions, the multi-response optimisation showed an optimal formulation containing 38.34 % soybean oil, 21.90 % beef tallow and 39.25 % poultry fat. The validation showed that there are no significant differences between the predicted and experimental values. The simplex-centroid mixture design and simplex optimisation methods were effective tools in obtaining biodiesel B100, using a mixture of different raw materials.</p

Study of alcoholic fermentation of an aqueous extract of butiá palm (Butia eriospatha (Martius) Beccari) pulp: Optimization by response surface methodology

The fermentation conditions were established and an incomplete Box-Behnken factorial design was applied. The independent variables used were yeast extract, yeast and NH4H2PO4, and the alcohol yield obtained was optimized. The validity of the model for predictive purposes was confirmed by analysis of variance; being significant at the 5% level with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82 and non-significant lack of fit (p = 0.0715). The optimization indicated a formulation containing 3.0 g L-1 yeast extract, 6.0 g L-1 yeast and 0.30 g L-1 NH4H2PO4 for an optimum ethanol yield of 77.95%. To validate the predictive equation the experiment was repeated in triplicate under optimum conditions, resulting in an average yield of 78.00%

MODELAGEM E SIMULAÇÃO DA DIFUSÃO MULTICOMPONENTE DURANTE A DESIDRATAÇÃO OSMÓTICA EM PEDAÇOS DE MELÃO

A perda de água e o ganho de açúcar foram modelados durante o processo de desidratação osmótica de pedaços de melão. A transferência de soluto para a fruta e de água para a solução, foi modelada com base na 2ª Lei generalizada de Fick para difusão simultânea e resolvida por meio do método de elementos fi nitos utilizando o software COMSOL Multiphysics 3.2. Os coefi cientes de difusão principais e cruzados, a relação entre o coefi ciente de transferência de massa e o de condutividade mássica, bem como o número de Biot foram determinados na simulação com a aplicação do método de otimização simplex por meio da minimização dos desvios percentuais. O valor dos desvios entre os dados experimentais e simulados foi de 4,71% para a sacarose e 4,51% para a água e a simulação indicou que a resistência externa pode ser desprezada no fenômeno de transferência de massa estudado. O resultado da simulação apresentou bom ajuste dos coefi cientes de difusão aos valores experimentais validando a capacidade preditiva do modelo empregado. O sistema desenvolvido para simular a difusão da água e do soluto permitirá o controle e a modulação do conteúdo de açúcar nos pedaços de melão