Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Paysages gravés : la longue continuité du Wadi Abu Subeira (Région d’Assouan, Egypte)

en pdf: http://www.ccsp.it/web/SITOVCS2013/programma%20e%20pdf%20vari/PDF%20x%20sito%20web/Graff%20&%20Kelany.pdfInternational audienceThe wadi of Abu Subeira coincides with a valley which is today dry and crossed by a fossil stream, on the rock plateau ofthe eastern desert. It connects the Nile river valley it merges into to the Red Sea. This passage has been used since very remote time,as proved by the evidence of rock art dating back to the Upper Paleolithic up to the contemporary age. The site is included in the areacommonly referred to as ‘Lascaux on the Nile’ (Storemyr et al., 2008). There can be found engravings dating back to the Paleolithic, thePre-dynastic Period, the Pharaonic period, the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the Middle Ages and contemporary ages. The terraces ofthe wadis also present remains of dwelling sites used since the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.The entrance to the wadi is irrigated and nowadays people of Bedouin origin, members of the Ababda tribe, dwell in it and have madecontemporary engravings.The placement of rock art sites shows the demarcation and structuring of the territory. Engravers chose the passage ramificationsand the hills in the landscapes. The iconographic themes constitute evidence for the importance of the exploitation of the rich naturalresources,access to which is made possible by the wadi: there can be found representations of ships and camel caravans recalling theroute to the Red Sea, as well as hunting scenes with wild animals of the desert. More recently, the wadi of Abu Subeira was used toreach the Arabian Peninsula during the Hajj, till about the mid-20th century.The Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities granted the author of this paper permission to lead a study and inventory survey of therock art and archeological heritage in the area. The intervention will show the early results of the fieldwork, as well as the methodologicaland scientific aims of the ‘Engraved landscapes’ project, which includes the work led at Assuan.Lo uadi di Abu Subeira è una valle oggi arida, tagliata nell’altopiano roccioso del deserto orientale da un corso d’acquafossile. Essa consente il collegamento tra la valle del Nilo, dove si immette, e il Mar Rosso. Tale passaggio è stato utilizzato fin datempi remoti e vi si trovano tracce di attività rupestre a partire dal Paleolitico superiore fino all’epoca contemporanea. Il sito fa partedi quella area denominata “la Lascaux sul Nilo” (Storemyr et al., 2008). Vi si trovano incisioni di epoca paleolitica, predinastica, faraonica,ellenistica, romana, medievale e contemporanea. Anche le terrazze degli uadi presentano vestigia di siti abitati del Paleoliticomedio e superiore.L’imboccatura dello uadi, irrigata, è oggi abitata da una popolazione di origine beduina (membri della tribù degli Ababda), che harealizzato le incisioni contemporanee.La collocazione dei siti di arte rupestre testimonia la demarcazione e la strutturazione del territorio. Sono le ramificazioni dei passaggi ele alture nel paesaggio ad essere state scelte dagli incisori. Le tematiche iconografiche attestano l’importanza dell’appropriazione dellericchezze alle quali lo uadi consente l’accesso: rappresentazioni di imbarcazione e di carovane di cammelli che evocano il passaggio alMar Rosso, così come scene di caccia di animali selvatici del deserto. In tempi più recenti, lo uadi di Abu Subeira è stato utilizzato perraggiungere la Penisola Araba nel periodo dello Hajj, fino alla metà circa del XX secolo.Il Consiglio Supremo per le Antichità d’Egitto ha accordato una concessione all’autore per condurvi un progetto di inventario e distudio del patrimonio rupestre e archeologico. L’intervento presenterà i primi risultati della ricerca sul campo, nonché le ambizionimetodologiche e scientifiche del progetto “Paesaggi incisi”, nel quale si collocano i lavori ad Assuan

Paysages gravés : la longue continuité du Wadi Abu Subeira (Région d’Assouan, Egypte)

en pdf: http://www.ccsp.it/web/SITOVCS2013/programma%20e%20pdf%20vari/PDF%20x%20sito%20web/Graff%20&%20Kelany.pdfInternational audienceThe wadi of Abu Subeira coincides with a valley which is today dry and crossed by a fossil stream, on the rock plateau ofthe eastern desert. It connects the Nile river valley it merges into to the Red Sea. This passage has been used since very remote time,as proved by the evidence of rock art dating back to the Upper Paleolithic up to the contemporary age. The site is included in the areacommonly referred to as ‘Lascaux on the Nile’ (Storemyr et al., 2008). There can be found engravings dating back to the Paleolithic, thePre-dynastic Period, the Pharaonic period, the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the Middle Ages and contemporary ages. The terraces ofthe wadis also present remains of dwelling sites used since the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.The entrance to the wadi is irrigated and nowadays people of Bedouin origin, members of the Ababda tribe, dwell in it and have madecontemporary engravings.The placement of rock art sites shows the demarcation and structuring of the territory. Engravers chose the passage ramificationsand the hills in the landscapes. The iconographic themes constitute evidence for the importance of the exploitation of the rich naturalresources,access to which is made possible by the wadi: there can be found representations of ships and camel caravans recalling theroute to the Red Sea, as well as hunting scenes with wild animals of the desert. More recently, the wadi of Abu Subeira was used toreach the Arabian Peninsula during the Hajj, till about the mid-20th century.The Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities granted the author of this paper permission to lead a study and inventory survey of therock art and archeological heritage in the area. The intervention will show the early results of the fieldwork, as well as the methodologicaland scientific aims of the ‘Engraved landscapes’ project, which includes the work led at Assuan.Lo uadi di Abu Subeira è una valle oggi arida, tagliata nell’altopiano roccioso del deserto orientale da un corso d’acquafossile. Essa consente il collegamento tra la valle del Nilo, dove si immette, e il Mar Rosso. Tale passaggio è stato utilizzato fin datempi remoti e vi si trovano tracce di attività rupestre a partire dal Paleolitico superiore fino all’epoca contemporanea. Il sito fa partedi quella area denominata “la Lascaux sul Nilo” (Storemyr et al., 2008). Vi si trovano incisioni di epoca paleolitica, predinastica, faraonica,ellenistica, romana, medievale e contemporanea. Anche le terrazze degli uadi presentano vestigia di siti abitati del Paleoliticomedio e superiore.L’imboccatura dello uadi, irrigata, è oggi abitata da una popolazione di origine beduina (membri della tribù degli Ababda), che harealizzato le incisioni contemporanee.La collocazione dei siti di arte rupestre testimonia la demarcazione e la strutturazione del territorio. Sono le ramificazioni dei passaggi ele alture nel paesaggio ad essere state scelte dagli incisori. Le tematiche iconografiche attestano l’importanza dell’appropriazione dellericchezze alle quali lo uadi consente l’accesso: rappresentazioni di imbarcazione e di carovane di cammelli che evocano il passaggio alMar Rosso, così come scene di caccia di animali selvatici del deserto. In tempi più recenti, lo uadi di Abu Subeira è stato utilizzato perraggiungere la Penisola Araba nel periodo dello Hajj, fino alla metà circa del XX secolo.Il Consiglio Supremo per le Antichità d’Egitto ha accordato una concessione all’autore per condurvi un progetto di inventario e distudio del patrimonio rupestre e archeologico. L’intervento presenterà i primi risultati della ricerca sul campo, nonché le ambizionimetodologiche e scientifiche del progetto “Paesaggi incisi”, nel quale si collocano i lavori ad Assuan

Chapter 5: Prospections dans le secteur Est du Wadi Abu Subeira : Premiers résultats et perspectives

International audienc

Investigating the Predynastic origins of greywacke working in the Wadi Hammamat

The Wadi Hammamat greywacke quarries in the Eastern Desert are the source of some of Egypt’s most important cultic objects, such as the ceremonial palettes of the Predynastic to Early Dynastic period. Research of the quarrying region has usually been polarised between Egyptological attention to the wealth of inscriptional data, with more sporadic investigations made by geologists and archaeologists of the quarries and other material culture. The Wadi Hammamat Project is first of its kind to undertake a holistic, multi-disciplinary study of the quarry landscape, its initial objective being to understand the linkages between changes in resource procurement and emerging social complexity in early monumental states. Focussing on the first phases of elite stone production in the Predynastic, this article discusses our discovery of the Predynastic to Early Dynastic quarries and adds fresh data to Debono’s 1949 investigations of a greywacke workshop in the Bir Hammamat region. Investigating the origins of raw materials brought into the quarries and workshops has been the main basis for our understanding of the social dynamics surrounding early stone production in the area. These investigations have illuminated the extent to which the quarry landscape was a central place of interaction between local and regional social networks, either directly or indirectly involved in stone crafting. The article also assesses how these networks were central to the flow of materials into the quarries, as well as outwards in terms of finished products. It further looks at the extent to which more intensive production of stone vessels, by the Early Dynastic, may have impacted on these networks, and therefore what we can deduce in terms of ideas about the increasing centralisation of stone-working by elites in the run-up to state formation.Les carrières de grauwacke du Ouadi Hammamat dans le désert Oriental sont la source de certains des plus importants objets de culte de l’Égypte, comme les palettes cérémonielles de la période pré- et protodynastique. Les recherches menées dans cette région se sont surtout focalisées sur la richesse des données épigraphiques, avec des études plus sporadiques de géologues et d’archéologues sur les carrières et autres questions touchant à la culture matérielle. Le Wadi Hammamat Project est le premier de son genre à entreprendre une étude globale et multidisciplinaire de cette région de carrières, son objectif initial étant de comprendre les liens entre les modifications des sources d’approvisionnement et le développement de la complexité sociale des premiers états émergents. Cet article est consacré aux découvertes que nous avons réalisées dans les carrières pré- et protodynastiques. Il s’intéresse aux premières phases de production de pierres destinées à l’élite du Prédynastique et complète les données initiales fournies par Debono en 1949 lors de la prospection d’un atelier de grauwacke dans la région de Bir Hammamat. Enquêter sur l’origine des matières premières utilisées dans les carrières et les ateliers a été le principal élément qui a permis une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique sociale entourant les débuts de la production de pierre dans cette région. Ces recherches révèlent de quelle manière le paysage de carrière était le lieu central des interactions entre les réseaux sociaux fonctionnant à l’échelle locale ou régionale, directement ou indirectement impliqués dans l’artisanat de la pierre. Elles montrent également la place de ces réseaux concernant la distribution des matériaux à al fois au sein des carrières et vers l'extérieur pour les produits finis. Cet article évalue enfin l’impact sur ces réseaux de la production plus intensive des vases en pierre durant la période protodynastique, et les conséquences d’une centralisation accrue des élites sur le contrôle de l’artisanat de la pierre durant la période de formation de l’État.Bloxam Elizabeth, Harrell James A., Kelany Adel, Moloney Norah, El-Senussi Ashraf, Tohamey Adel. Investigating the Predynastic origins of greywacke working in the Wadi Hammamat. In: Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil, n°24, 2014. Prédynastique et premières dynasties égyptiennes. Nouvelles perspectives de recherches. pp. 11-30