Additional file 1: Table S1. of Effects of air pollution and seasons on health-related quality of life of Mongolian adults living in Ulaanbaatar: cross-sectional studies

Factors associated with HR-QoL of Mongolian subjects. (DOCX 44 KB

Phagocytosis assay of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) enhancer-promoter dominant negative (DN) MafB transgenic (TG) mice.

<div><p>(A) (B) The phagocytic capacity of TG and wild-type (WT) AMs for IgG coated phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled polystyrene beads was analyzed using flow cytometry. The representative histogram data of WT (A) and TG (B) were shown.</p> <p>(A) Phagocytic capacity was significantly reduced in AMs of TG mice, compared to those of WT mice.</p> <p>(B) Rho GTPase activity was significantly reduced in TG mice compared with WT mice.</p></div

Increased apoptosis in macrophages of macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) enhancer-promoter dominant negative (DN) MafB transgenic (TG) mice.

<p>(A) RT-PCR: Expression of caspase-3 was significantly increased in BAL cells of TG mice compared with WT mice (n = 6 for both). (B) TUNEL staining: TUNEL positive cells were increased in the spleen of TG mice, compared with WT mice. Original magnification: ×100.</p

Morphological changes in alveolar macrophages (AMs) in macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) enhancer-promoter dominant negative (DN) MafB transgenic (TG) mice.

<div><p>(A) Transmission electric microscopy revealed that the high electron density area (arrow) in the nucleus was increased in TG mice. Original magnification: ×7000.</p> <p>(B) The high electron density area in each nucleus was quantified (as described in <i>Materials and Methods</i>) and compared. The fraction of high electron density area in the nuclei of TG mice was significantly increased, compared with wild-type (WT) mice.</p> <p>(C) Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the morphology of pseudopods of AMs was different. In WT mice, pseudopod formations were narrow rod-like structures (‘filopodium-like’) while they were flat ruffled structures in the TG mice (‘lamellipodium-like’). Original magnification: ×8000.</p> <p>(D) Formation of actin filament (F-actin) was investigated using fluorescent-labeled phalloidin. In WT mice, alveolar macrophages projected more pseudopods than in TG mice. F-actin was dominantly localized in pseudopods, and fluorescent signal was stronger in the alveolar macrophages of WT mice, compared with TG mice. Top and second panel: original magnification: ×200. Third and bottom panel: original magnification: ×630. WT: wild-type mice, TG: transgenic mice.</p></div

An increase in alveolar monocyte-like cells in macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR)-dominant negative (DN) MafB transgenic mice.

<p>In BAL cells from MSR-DN MafB transgenic mice, mononuclear cells were frequently observed compared with wild-type (WT) mice (arrow). Their cytoplasmic granularities were less than alveolar macrophages, but they had pseudopods on the cell surface, a typical finding for phagocytes. They were also positive for Mac-3, suggesting that they were monocytic lineage cells, namely alveolar monocyte. Original magnification: ×1000.</p

Verification of the plasmid vector containing human macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) enhancer-promoter and the vector that enables expression of dominant negative (DN) MafB under the control of the MSR enhancer-promoter.

<p>(A) The reporter plasmid containing the MSR enhancer-promoter (<i>pMSR-EP-Bla</i>) was transfected into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line, and reporter activity was assessed as described in the <i>Materials and Methods</i> in the online supplement. Positive activity of MSR enhancer-promoter was confirmed by the presence of ‘blue cells’ (as indicated in the photograph). (B) <i>pcMSR-EP-DN-MafB</i> and empty control plasmid were transfected into RAW264.7 cells. DN MafB protein in cell homogenates was evaluated by immunoblotting using a DDDDK-tag antibody. As an internal control, the amount of beta actin was also assessed. A 15 KDa band, estimated size of DN MafB, was only detected in RAW264.7 cells transfected with <i>pcMSR-EP-DN-MafB</i>.</p