Accountants in late 19th century Britain: a spatial, demographic and occupational profile

Abstract-Recurring difficulties over defining occupational and professional boundaries in British accountancy are best understood by examining historical variations in the emergence and status of the population of accountants. The study uses census enumerators' books for 1881 to construct a spatial, demographic and occupational profile of professional and non-professional accountants. It is shown that there were considerable geographical variations in the density of accountants. It is speculated that these variations reflected patterns in the feminisation of bookkeeping as well as socio-cultural differences in meanings of the title 'accountant', which were sustained by networks. Although accountants were most closely associated with commercial activity, the boundaries of the occupation remained obscure. The description 'accountant' embraced a multitude of employment statuses, the performance of diverse tasks and included specialist sub-occupations. Members of professional bodies comprised a small proportion of the total community of accountants in 1881. Further, there was a yawning divide between the status of professional and non-professional practitioners and there were also considerable variations in status within the chartered profession, between CAs in Scotland and England and Wales, and between the London elite and their lesser brethren in the provinces

The development of British accountancy in the nineteenth century: A technological determinist approach

This article argues that some of the most popular treatments of the development of accountancy in Britain do not accord with the historical evidence. This is true of the functionalist's altruistic view of the profession and of the predominant paradigm�-�the Weberian 'professional project'. There is no evidence in the early history of British accountancy to support the concepts of, for example: monopolistic closure, credentialism, or the social construction of skill. Instead, using a model based on technological determinism, the article reasserts the importance of the industrialisation process in forming the accountancy profession, and sees the formation of the chartered societies as largely set up to brand the accountants' training and thereby preserve the value of their human capital.Professions, Accounting History, Chartered Accountancy, Technological Determinism,