Stereospecific four-bond phosphorus-phosphorus spin couplings in phosphazenyl-phosphazenes

Four-bond phosphorus-phosphorus coupling constants have been measured from the 31P NMR spectra of phosphazenylcyclophosphazenes. Their magnitude appears to be related to the conformation adopted by the phosphazenyl-group relative to the phosphazene ring

Analysis of endometrial blood flow with color Doppler energy in predicting outcome in GnRH antagonist down regulated ICSI/IVF cycles: a prospective cohort study setting

Background: The study was conducted to assess the association between endometrial blood flow pattern assessed with colour Doppler around the day of HCG administration and IVF outcome following GnRH antagonist down regulated cycles.Methods: It was a prospective, cohort study. Total of sixty-eight patients undergoing IVF-ET/ICSI were recruited in the study. All the patients underwent controlled ovarian stimulation with a step-up protocol, and GnRH antagonists were used for down-regulation. Transvaginal ultrasound measurements of all patients were performed on the day of HCG injection. A 6.5 MHz pulsed Doppler system was used for blood flow analysis. Bilateral uterine arteries, pulsatility index and resistance index were calculated along with uterine artery peak systolic velocity on both sides. Endometrial blood flow was analysed by detecting flow in the intra-endometrial or the adjacent sub-endometrial regions.Results: Baseline FSH in pregnant group was lower (6.29) than non-pregnant group (7.36). The overall pregnancy rate was 45.6% (n=31) and the ongoing pregnancy rate was 41.1% (n=28). Total of 57 patients out of 68 patients had both good endometrial and sub-endometrial blood flow. The overall pregnancy rate in this group was 47.3%. Similarly, in patients who had minimal endometrial and sub-endometrial blood flow the pregnancy rate was 37.5%. There was no significant correlation between pregnancy outcomes and the color flow Doppler parameters such as average uterine PI, average uterine RI and right/left uterine peak systolic velocity.Conclusion: Uterine artery PI, RI and PSV has no role in predicting endometrial receptivity and thus pregnancy outcome in IVF-ET cycle, however those patient with good endometrial and sub-endometrial flow have higher pregnancy rate than those with minimal flow rate

Cryopreservation of Human Adipose Tissues and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells with DMSO and/or Trehalose: A Systematic Review.

Adipose tissue senescence is implicated as a major player in obesity- and ageing-related disorders. There is a growing body of research studying relevant mechanisms in age-related diseases, as well as the use of adipose-derived stem cells in regenerative medicine. The cell banking of tissue by utilising cryopreservation would allow for much greater flexibility of use. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the most commonly used cryopreservative agent but is toxic to cells. Trehalose is a sugar synthesised by lower organisms to withstand extreme cold and drought that has been trialled as a cryopreservative agent. To examine the efficacy of trehalose in the cryopreservation of human adipose tissue, we conducted a systematic review of studies that used trehalose for the cryopreservation of human adipose tissues and adipose-derived stem cells. Thirteen articles, including fourteen studies, were included in the final review. All seven studies that examined DMSO and trehalose showed that they could be combined effectively to cryopreserve adipocytes. Although studies that compared nonpermeable trehalose with DMSO found trehalose to be inferior, studies that devised methods to deliver nonpermeable trehalose into the cell found it comparable to DMSO. Trehalose is only comparable to DMSO when methods are devised to introduce it into the cell. There is some evidence to support using trehalose instead of using no cryopreservative agent

An evaluation of clouds and precipitation in convection-permitting forecasts for South Africa

Since 2016, the South African Weather Service (SAWS) has been running convective-scale simulations to assist with forecast operations across southern Africa. These simulations are run with a tropical configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (UM), nested in the Met Office global model, but without data assimilation. For November 2016, convection-permitting simulations at 4.4-km and 1.5-km grid length are compared against a simulation at 10-km grid length with convection parametrization (the current UM global atmosphere configuration) to identify the benefits of increasing model resolution for forecasting convection across southern Africa. The simulations are evaluated against satellite rainfall estimates, CloudSat vertical cloud profiles, and SAWS radar data. In line with previous studies using the UM, on a monthly time scale, the diurnal cycle of convection and the distribution of rainfall rates compare better against observations when convection-permitting model configurations are used. The SAWS radar network provides a three-dimensional composite of radar reflectivity for northeast South Africa at 6-minute intervals, allowing the evaluation of the vertical development of precipitating clouds and of the timing of the onset of deep convection. Analysis of four case study days indicates that the 4.4-km simulations have a later onset of convection than the 1.5-km simulations, but there is no consistent bias of the simulations against the radar observations across the case studies

Image Processing Analysis of Prevention for Mold Growth on Bread using Negative Ion Technology

Recently, molds on bread can cause Diarrhoea, allergic reactions and respiratory problems. The molds like Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium can produce "Mycotoxins" which is a poisonous substance that can damage the health qualities. Thus, the prevention of mold growth on bread by using negative ion technology is the best alternatives to break the disease. The effect of negative ions can be classified as the spatial distribution of charge particles, sheath structure and collaboration of ozone and negative air ions to prevent microorganism. In this paper, image processing has been used to analyse the image obtained from the bread after a week. Two experiments have been compared to keep track the effect of negative ions on prevention of mold growth on bread which are bread placed in boxes with direct current (DC) fan or without it. In set one, the mold percentages of bread that exposed to negative ions is 3.47% while the bread that does not expose to negative ions is 14.60%. Moreover, for the set two, the mold percentages of bread that exposed to negative ions is 1.18% while the bread that does not expose to negative ions is 14.18%. Set two have a lower percentage of mold as compare to set one due to the air ventilation of the experiment set up. Each of experiment has been analysed using color filtering processing and the result shows that negative ions were successfully in the prevention of mold growth on bread

Alzheimer’s disease-associated complement gene variants influence plasma complement protein levels

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been associated with immune dysregulation in biomarker and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS hits include the genes encoding complement regulators clusterin (CLU) and complement receptor 1 (CR1), recognised as key players in AD pathology, and complement proteins have been proposed as biomarkers. Main body: To address whether changes in plasma complement protein levels in AD relate to AD-associated complement gene variants we first measured relevant plasma complement proteins (clusterin, C1q, C1s, CR1, factor H) in a large cohort comprising early onset AD (EOAD; n = 912), late onset AD (LOAD; n = 492) and control (n = 504) donors. Clusterin and C1q were significantly increased (p < 0.001) and sCR1 and factor H reduced (p < 0.01) in AD plasma versus controls. ROC analyses were performed to assess utility of the measured complement biomarkers, alone or in combination with amyloid beta, in predicting AD. C1q was the most predictive single complement biomarker (AUC 0.655 LOAD, 0.601 EOAD); combining C1q with other complement or neurodegeneration makers through stepAIC-informed models improved predictive values slightly. Effects of GWS SNPs (rs6656401, rs6691117 in CR1; rs11136000, rs9331888 in CLU; rs3919533 in C1S) on protein concentrations were assessed by comparing protein levels in carriers of the minor vs major allele. To identify new associations between SNPs and changes in plasma protein levels, we performed a GWAS combining genotyping data in the cohort with complement protein levels as endophenotype. SNPs in CR1 (rs6656401), C1S (rs3919533) and CFH (rs6664877) reached significance and influenced plasma levels of the corresponding protein, whereas SNPs in CLU did not influence clusterin levels. Conclusion: Complement dysregulation is evident in AD and may contribute to pathology. AD-associated SNPs in CR1, C1S and CFH impact plasma levels of the encoded proteins, suggesting a mechanism for impact on disease risk

Application of Potential Theory to Steady Flow Past Two Cylinders in Tandem Arrangement

The wake flow patterns associated with flow past a cylinder and a cylinder-pair in tandem configuration are revisited, compared, and evaluated with respect to the streamline patterns generated based on potential flow theory and superposition of various potential flow elements. The wakes, which are vortex shedding in the lee of the cylinder(s), are reproduced by placing pairs of equal but opposite circulation elements in the potential flow field. The strength of the circulation elements determines the size of the vortices produced. The streamline patterns of flow past a pair of unequal cylinders in tandem configuration provide an indirect means to establish the threshold condition for the wake transition from that of a single bluff body to alternating reattachment behavior. This threshold condition is found to be a function of the diameter ratio, d/D (diameters d and D, d≤D ), spacing ratio, L/D (centre-to-centre distance, L, to cylinder diameter, D), and equivalent incident flow speed, U. A unique functional relationship f (L/D, d/D, U) of this threshold condition is established

The British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Registers in Ankylosing Spondylitis (BSRBR-AS) study : Protocol for a prospective cohort study of the long-term safety and quality of life outcomes of biologic treatment

Acknowledgements Oversight of the study is provided by the BSR Registers Committee of which GJM and GTJ are members, together with investigators from BSRBR-RA, representatives from the BSR clinical affairs section and BSR independent members, currently, Alex MacGregor (University of East Anglia), Elaine Dennison (University of Southampton), Jon Packham (Keele University) and patient representatives Ailsa Bosworth and Debbie Cook. We acknowledge the contribution of the International Advisory Group members Desireé van der Heijde (Netherlands), Matthew Brown (Australia) and Walter Maksymowych (Canada). We thank Neil Basu (University of Aberdeen) for his role with regards to pharmacovigilance and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (University of Glasgow) for data management services. Author KTM is currently at the Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Stimulus-dependent maximum entropy models of neural population codes

Neural populations encode information about their stimulus in a collective fashion, by joint activity patterns of spiking and silence. A full account of this mapping from stimulus to neural activity is given by the conditional probability distribution over neural codewords given the sensory input. To be able to infer a model for this distribution from large-scale neural recordings, we introduce a stimulus-dependent maximum entropy (SDME) model---a minimal extension of the canonical linear-nonlinear model of a single neuron, to a pairwise-coupled neural population. The model is able to capture the single-cell response properties as well as the correlations in neural spiking due to shared stimulus and due to effective neuron-to-neuron connections. Here we show that in a population of 100 retinal ganglion cells in the salamander retina responding to temporal white-noise stimuli, dependencies between cells play an important encoding role. As a result, the SDME model gives a more accurate account of single cell responses and in particular outperforms uncoupled models in reproducing the distributions of codewords emitted in response to a stimulus. We show how the SDME model, in conjunction with static maximum entropy models of population vocabulary, can be used to estimate information-theoretic quantities like surprise and information transmission in a neural population.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure