321 research outputs found
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Selection effectiveness for the resistance to net blotch was estimated by using two sets of F2 and F3 populations derived from the crosses between resistant and susceptible parents. In every F2 and F3 population, disease ratings showed a continuous distribution. As many F3 lines with intermediate resistance had a smaller variance and homozygous genotype, the resistance might be controlled by a few genes. The heritabilities of the disease rating were estimatedãby correlation coefficients and regression coefficients between each F2 plant and the descended F3 lines. Another estimate for heritability was calculated by the selection differential in the F2 plants and genetic gain in the F3 lines. Despite the different level of resistance in the resistant parents of the two crosses, the three kinds of heritabilities estimated were similar and ranged from 0.6 to 0.8. Because of the fewer number of genes controlling the disease resistance and the higher heritabilities, selection in a early generation may be effective for net blotch resistance in barlcy.æµææ§ãšçœ¹ç
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Twenty-two isolates of Pyrenophora teres Drechs. collected from Japanese and Canadian spring barleys were inoculated to 38 barley varieties having various genetic backgrounds. The analysis of variance for the discase ratings showed that there were significant differences both in the virulence of isolates and the resistance of varieties. However, the interaction among isolates and varieties was not statistically significant. Both Finlay-Wilkinson regression analysis and principal component analysis by Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction effects(AMMI)model classified the isolates into three groups,which were different in origins and sympton types. A spot tyte isolate was distinguished from net type isolates by its generally high virulence. A slight pathogenic differentiation was suggested between Japanese and Canadian net type isolates.åæµ·éããã³ã«ããã®æ¥æãªãªã ã®ããæ¡åãã22ã®å€§éºŠç¶²æç
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Establishment of a Seedling Test for Resistance to Net Blotch in Barley and a Search for Resistant Varieties
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ã¯ç³žç¶èã®1çš®ã§ããPyrenophora teres Drechs.ã®ææã«ãã£ãŠè身ãèéçã«ç¶²ç®ç¶ã®ç
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害ã¯äžçåå°ã®ãªãªã ã®æ œå¹å°åž¯ã®ãã¡äž»ãšããŠæž©æã»æ¹¿æœ€ãªå°åã«ååžããŠããïŒShiptonãetãal.1973ïŒãè¿å¹Žãé£äœãçæŒã«ãã£ãŠè¢«å®³ãå¢å€§ãã€ã€ããïŒMathre 1982ïŒãæåœã«ãããŠã¯åŸæ¥ãããã®ååšã確èªãããŠãããã®ã®ãç»çåŸæã®æŽ»æ§ã®è¡°ããèã«çããç
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æµææ§ã®æ€å®æ¹æ³ãšããŠã¯å¹Œèæ€å®æ³ãåå Žæ€å®æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠåºãçšããããŠãããïŒBuchannon and McDonald 1965, Holtmeyer and Webster 1981ïŒãç°å¢æ¡ä»¶ã®å€åã«ãã£ãŠæµææ§ãå€åããäºäŸãå ±åãããŠããã®ã§ïŒKhan and Boyd 1970, Tekauz 1986ïŒãæµææ§ã確å®ã«è©äŸ¡ããããã®å®å®ããæ€å®æ¡ä»¶ãèšå®ããå¿
èŠããããæµææ§ã«é¢ããéºäŒè³æºã«ã€ããŠã¯Schaller and Wiebe ïŒ1952ïŒãDessouki et al.ïŒ1965ïŒããã³Buchannon and McDonald ïŒ1965ïŒçãããããæ°ååçš®ãè©äŸ¡ããäžåœæ±åéšããã«ã³ããã³ãšããªãã¢ãªã©ã«æµææ§ã®éºäŒè³æºãè±å¯ã§ããããšå ±åããŠããããããã®åçš®ã®ããã€ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæµææ§ã®éºäŒååæãè¡ãããŠããïŒBockelman et al. 1977, Davis et al. 1990ïŒãæ¬ç
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芪ãšããŠäœ¿çšãããŠããïŒTekazu and Buchannon 1977, Moseman and Smith 1985ïŒã岡山倧åŠè³æºçç©ç§åŠç 究æ倧麊系統ä¿åæœèšã¯äžççã«ã貎éãªãšæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã®éºäŒè³æºãã¯ããäºåäœã®ä¿ååçš®ãæããããèè
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ã®å¹Œèæ€å®æ³ã確ç«ãããããã®åçš®ã®æµææ§ãè©äŸ¡ããã®ã§å ±åãããA seedling test was developed and used to evaluate the resistance to net blotch of more than five thousand barley varieties preserved in the Barley Germplasm Center, Okayama University. 1) Disease ratings (Tekauz 1985) of varieties varied depending on the temperatures after inoculation. However, these was no change for rank of varietal resistance in the temperature range from 15 to 25â, which covers the normal growing temperature for barley. 2) There was little variation in the level of seedling resistance of varieties under different levels of fertilizer application. 3) A high positive correlation was observed in the disease ratings obtained after second-leaf and fourth-leaf stage inoculations of the 2,230 barley varieties. Inoculation at the second leaf stage was superior to fourth leaf inoculation since it resulted in a wide range of disease ratings and required a shorter testing period. 4) The disease ratings observed appeared to be a stable genetic character sine the error standard deviations were only 0.4 to 0.8 in plots and 0.5 to 1.0 in plants, when four or five plants per plot were tested. 5) The disease ratings of 5, 102 varieties when tested with isolate K105 showed continuous variation with a mode in the resistant range. By comparing the average disease ratings for varieties from different regions, resistance was found to be higher in the Ethiopean and Koreaan barleys and lower in European, Tukish and South-east Asian types. However. there were obvious difference between varieties within a region, such as between two-rowed and six-rowed varieties from Japan and between covered and naked varieties from Nepal. 6) When varieties were classified into the principal morphological or physiological types of barley, the two-rowed, spring habit, and western-type in rachis brittleness showed significantly lower levels of resistance than the contrasting types for each of these classifications. In particular, the group having two-rowed, spring-habit, western-type, covered characteristics, which was common among malting barley varieties had lower resistance, while a group of six-rowed, autumn-habit, naked barleys showed higher resistance. Comparisons using isogenic pairs for row-types and hull-types did not reveal any obvious differences between each pair, indicating that the differences between groups were not probably due to the pleiotropic or likage effects of genes but to the different genetic backgrounds of these varieties
Sources of Resistance to Net Blotch in Barley Germplasm
Net blotch caused by a fungus Pyrenophora teres Drechs. is a common disease in barley. Its source of resistance has been screened by many researchers by field evaluations or seedling tests inoculating a single isolatc. Since the pathogcnic variation of isolates has been reported in net blotch, resistance of the varieties to the disease may be different among the isolates with different pathogenicities. In this study, the pathogenic variation was examined and the varietal variation of the resistance was evaluated by inoculating with four P. teres isolates collected from Japan and Canada to more than 2,200 barley varieties of the world collection preserved at the Barley Germplasm Center of Okayama University. A preliminary inoculation test showed that the disease rating was affected little by the inoculation seasons. Disease ratings of varieties showed a continuous variation with a single mode in the resistant range in each of the four isolates. However, the correlation coefficient between Japanese isolate K105 and Canadian isolate WRS102 was as low as 0.55, indicating a slight pathogenic differentiation between these isolates. Significant correlation coefficients (r=.55~.78) among the ratings of isolates indicated that the pathogenicity to the varieties was rather similar and that the pathogenic differentiation was small among the four isolates tested. In general, varieties from Ethiopia, North Africa and Korea were more resistant than those from other regions. Varieties from Turkey and Europe were susceptible to Japanese isolates, while Nepalese varieties were susceptible to Canadian isolates. Twenty of 25 varieties which were resistant to the isolate K105 but susceptible to the isolate WR102 were from Nepal and most of those were Oriental-type (Bt bt2) in brittleness of rachis. These findings revealed an example of regional concentration of resistant gene in net blotch.æ¥æ¬ãªãã³ã«ã«ããã§æ¡åãã倧麊網æç
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CAM and NK Cells
It is believed that tumor development, outgrowth and metastasis are under the surveillance of the immune system. Although both innate and acquired immune systems play roles, innate immunity is the spearhead against tumors. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of natural killer (NK) cells in immune surveillance and that NK cell activity is considerably influenced by various agents, such as environmental factors, stress, foods and drugs. Some of these NK cell stimulants have been used in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) since ancient times. Therefore, the value of CAM should be re-evaluated from this point of view. In this review, we overview the intimate correlation between NK cell functions and CAM agents, and discuss possible underlying mechanisms mediating this. In particular, neuro-immune crosstalk and receptors for CAM agents are the most important and interesting candidates for such mechanisms
Comparison between shoot Regeneration Ability in Calli Derived from Immature Embryos of Wild and Cultivated Barley
The variation in shoot regeneration obility of calli derived from immature embryos was examined in 95 wild strains, 82 of which were of Hordeum spontaneum and 13 of which were H. agriocrithon, and 87 cultivated varieties collected from various countries or regions of the world. In 85 strains of the wild species, a number of calli regenerated shoots, and their proportion ranged from 1.2% to 75.7%. The average percentage of shoot regenerating calli was 21.7% among the strains that formed calli, 11.5% of which regenerated green and 10.2% albino shoots. On average, 21.4% and 23.9% calli regenerated shoots in H. spontaneum and H. agriocrithon, respectively and there was no significant difference between these values. A significant difference in the percentage of shoot regenerating calli was found among six variants (dawense, ishnatherum, laguncliforme, paradoxon, proskowetzii, spontaneum) which were comprised in H. spontaneum. In 73 varieties of cultivated species, there were shoots regenerating calli likely to wild species, and their proportion ranged from 3.2% to 85.5%. The average percentage of shoot regenerating calli was 25.4%, 22.0% of which regenerated green and 3.4% of which regenerated albino shoots. There was a significant difference in percentage of green shoots regenerating calli against shoots regenerating ones between the wild (53.0%) and cultivated species 886.6%). The two kinds of non-brittle rachis genotypes, Bt bt2 and bt Bt2 are one of the key characters distinguishing the oriental and occidental types of cultivated barley. The average percentages of shoot regenerating calli were 16.2% and 32.3% for the genotypes Bt bt2 and bt Bt2, respectively, suggesting that there is a geographical variation in the shoot regeneration ability of calli in the cultivated species. By contrast, the oriental and occidental strains of wild species showed no difference in the shoot regeneration ability of calli. The geographical variation of shoot regeneration ability differed significantly between wild and cultivated species. This suggests that the geographical variation of shoot regeneration ability occurred after the cultivation of the barley was established.æ¬ç 究ã§ã¯ãªãªã ã®è¿ç·éççš®Hordeum spontaneum82系統ãšH.agriocrithon13系統ãèš2çš®95系統ããã³äžçåå°ã®æ œå¹çš®87åçš®ãäŸè©ŠããŠãæªçèç±æ¥ã«ã«ã¹ããã®äžå®èœåååèœã調æ»ããè¿ç·éççš®ãšæ œå¹çš®ã«ãããåååèœã®åçš®å€æŽããã³ãã®å°ççååãæ¯èŒãããè¿ç·éççš®ã§ã¯95系統äž94系統ãã«ã«ã¹ã圢æãããã®ãã¡85系統ïŒ90.4ïŒ
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Character Expression and Inheritance of a "Short Upper Leaves" Mutant in Barley
A mutant which devolops an extremely shortened flag leaf and shorter upper leaves was obtained from the progeny of 90 KR of gamma-ray irradiated Fuji Nijo, a malting barley variety. This mutant was controlled by a single partial dominant gene named Sul (short upper leaves). The character expression and the inheritance of the gene were investigated in this study. Sul shortened the flag leaf and upper several leaves and uppermost internode length, while it did not affect the length of spike, lower leaves and the second or lower internodes. A reciprocal translocation of the chromosomes was observed in this mutant line, and the Sull gene was linked with the V (two-rowed) gene on chromosome 2, and also linked with the breaking point of the reciprocal translocation. Small leaf area caused by the Sull gene might reduce the mutual shading and the transpiration of the leaf canopy at the later growth stages.äºæ¡ãªãªã ã®åçš®ãµãäºæ¡ã«ã¬ã³ããŒç·ã3代ã«ããã£ãŠåèš90KR环代ç
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Diallel Analysis for the Percentage of Grains with Hull Rupture in F2 Populations of Two-rowed Barley
Half diallel F2 populations crossed among eight two-rowed barley varieties with warious percentages of hull ruptured grains were raised to analyze the inheritance of the trait. The percentage of grains with hull rupture varied from 0 to 87% among the parents. The diallel analysis revealed the following: the trait was predominantly controlled by the additive genes, and the dominance effect of some parents was also significant. However, the epistatic effect of the genes was not significant. The average dominance was 0.97. The heritability value was estimated as 0.57 and 0.91 in a narrow and a broad sense, respectivelly. The percentage of grains with hull rupture showed continuous and transgressive segregations in 28 F2 populations derived from half diallel crosses among eight parents. Heritability of the trait in a broad sense was 0.43~0.80(0.65 on average) in 28 F2 populations.äºæ¡ãªãªã ã®ã«ãããè£ç®ç²æ©åã®éºäŒåã解æããããã«ãè£ç®ç²æ©åã倧ããç°ãªã8åçš®ã»ç³»çµ±ã®éã§ç·åœããã®äº€éãè¡ããé亀éãé€ã28çµåãã®F2éå£ãšãã®èŠªãäŸè©ŠããŠãè£ç®ç²æ©åã®éºäŒåã調ã¹ããçé¢ãã€ã¢ã¬ã«åæã®çµæãè£ç®ç²æ©åã®éºäŒåã«ã¯ãšãã¹ã¿ã·ã¹ãèªãããããåçŽãªçžå åªæ§ã¢ãã«ãé©åãããå
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Inheritance of Phenol Reaction in the Awn of Barley
The inheritance and geographical distribution of the phenol reaction in rice has been investigated intensively. On the other hand, in the case of barley, almost all of the varieties show positive reaction to phenol, and inheritance study of the trait has not yet been reported. We investigated the phenol reaction of ca. 5,000 barley varieties preserved at the Barley Germplasm Center of Okayama University to find about 30 varieties which show a negative reaction to the phenol. These varieties are mainly from Southwest Asia. The reaction of awn was sharpest at all parts of the plant including seeds. The positive reaction must be the prototype of barley, because Hordeum spontaneum, a possible ancestor of the cultivated barley, shows positive reaction. Inheritance and linkage studies were conducted using varieties with negative reaction and linkage testers with positive reaction. Phenol reaction was dominant and showed a clear 3:1 segregation ratio in the F2 populations, indicating the trait was controlled by a single dominant gene Ph(phenol reaction). Linkage study revealed that Ph was linked with four marker genes(three loci) on the chromosome 2 and independent of 13 other marker genes located on the chromosomes except chromosome 2. Ph may be a useful marker gene and an interesting material for molecular-biological studies.ãªãªã ã®ã®èã§ã¯ãã§ããŒã«ãé
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