Tasavvufun ve Epistemolojik Bir Araç Olarak İlhamın İbn Teymiyye Düşüncesindeki Yeri

This article aims to study Sufism (taṣawwuf) and inspiration (ilhâm), which is the main means of the mystical knowledge, in the thought of Ibn Taymiyya who is known generally as an exponent of a tradition grounded on the understanding of Salaf. He is considered by majority to be a rigid opponent of Sufism because of his unconventional interpretations of Sufi terminology. Also, since Ibn Taymiyya constantly offers the Qur’ān, ḥadīth, and the opinions of Salaf as the base of religious knowledge, the idea that he does not lean toward inspirational and rational knowledge and he does not give a place for them in his epistemology came out and has grown in the course of time. As a result of our research, however, we realize Ibn Taymiyya admits the epistemological value of inspiration along with Sufism conditionally. While he divides Sufism into Early and Later periods, he examines inspiration in the context of knowledge (bâb al-ʿilm) which is considered to be a subcategory of supernatural events. Ibn Taymiyya, who believes that inspirational knowledge must be tested by means of the Qur’ān, Sunna, and the opinions of Salaf, without rejecting its reality, assesses the subject matter in detail through his own criteria. Therefore, this article, in which the subject is elaborated critically and descriptively, focuses on the approach of Ibn Taymiyya to Sufism and inspiration that is the basic element of Sufi knowledge

Sonsuz Tecellî ve Daimî Yaratma: İbn Arabī ve İbn Teymiyye’nin Yaratma Meselesine Ezelî Fiil Olarak Bakışı

Creation or becoming as a philosophical and theological problem has always been one of the main controversial issues of philosophers and theologians. It is sometimes defended that creation is an instant act or event; sometimes it is thought that creation is a process without a beginning. In this article, the approaches of Ibn Arabī and Ibn Taymiyya to the issue of creation are examined and compared. These two scholars mainly advocate that it is not possible for creation to begin at a certain time as an instant event. According to them, while nothing material can be co-eternal with God, He has always been creating and manifesting from eternity because of His perfection. This study argues that when this issue is taken in its various aspects, it will be seen that Ibn Arabī and Ibn Taymiyya stand together about the issue against both philosophers and theologians

İḥyâ’u ʿUlûmi’d-Dîn’de Akıl ve Aklîlik

Knowledge, despite the fact that there is no a complete definition yet, is one of the main discussion issues of philosophy, theology and tasawwuf. Some claim that knowledge occurs by means of reason that processes data transmitted by sense organs while others claim that knowledge occurs by means of a light released in the heart of humans. Since it is not mutual for all humans to have the light in the heart, focusing on the other way of knowledge, that it is to follow reason, seems more significant and remarkable at this stage. In this respect, we attempt to investigate in this article how to treat reason and rationality in Iḥyā al-ʿulūm al-dīn, the work of Ghazzālī who has a strong impact on the Islamic thought. In this article our purpose is not to draw an exhaustive profile of Ghazzālī but to make an assessment for neutral, positive and negative statements of Ghazzālī with respect to reason and rationality in the work. While explaining his neutral statements it is a requirement to touch on the terms heart (qalb) and knowledge (ʿilm) as well because they are relevant to the subject of reason. The work, Iḥyāwas written by Ghazzālī for those who are responsible to preach to and have a close connection with masses. Since reason is the tool of knowledge only shared by all humanity, studying the ideas, especially ideas on reason and rationality found in this work gains importance

Ebû Bekir Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin Felsefî Görüşleri: İlâhiyyât (Metafizik) ve Tabîiyyât (Doğa Felsefesi)

Ebû Bekir Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin Felsefî Görüşleri: İlâhiyyât (Metafizik) ve Tabîiyyât (Doğa Felsefesi), Turgut Akyüz, İstanbul: Ravza Yayınları, 2017, 255 s

Tasavvufî Perspektifte Nefs ve İlintileri

İncelemeye çalıştığımız bu kitap meseleye tasavvufî perspektif ile yaklaşmakta; felsefe ve kelâm tartışmalarına temas etmemektedir. “Kalp, Nefs ve Ruh”, “Etvâr-ı Sebʿa: Nefsin Yedi Mertebesi” ve “Etvâr-ı Sebʿa’nın Taalluku” başlıklarıyla üç ana bölümden oluşan kitabın konuları işleyişi ise tasviridir

KNOWLEDGE IN THE MAIN SOURCES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF SUFISM IN THE PRE-GHAZZĀLĪ PERIOD

This article aims to elaborate on the pre-Ghazzālī period Sufis’ approaches to the concept of knowledge. We know that Ghazzālī, as a milestone in the Islamic thought, satisfies in taṣawwuf after a long quest. He benefits from the Sunnī taṣawwuf already established before him. Therefore, the importance of the sources feeding Ghazzālī’s Sufi view is manifest. Thus, in this article, I focus on the ideas of the main figures of the Sunnī taṣawwuf regarding the concept of knowledge. Having stated concisely about what taṣawwuf is, the concepts of knowledge and gnosis were described. And then, the ideas of the Sufis on knowledge and its ways were examined. I concluded at the end of the research that the Sufis restrict human reason (ʿaql) into the worldly life while giving the intuitional knowledge priority. Also, they separate the reality (ḥaqīqa) from religious law (sharīʿa). For the former, intuitional knowledge is a necessity, while the human reason is useful and responsible for the latter. Finally, it is hard to say that compared to Ghazzālī, Suhrawardī, and Ibn al-ʿArabī, those Sufis have a consistent epistemology when they set forth their view

Reason and Rationality in the Epistles of Ikhwān al-Safā’

Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ are one of the most significant groups of authors of Islamic thought. Their teachings became influential where philosophy and Sufism and reason and intuition came together. Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ adopted Neoplatonic philosophy to Islamic thought and affected the course of events and developments of Islamic philosophy and Sufism. Nevertheless, some researchers claim to have Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ evaluated issues superficially and not had original ideas and approaches. However, the fact that Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ throughout their thoughts constituted a consistent relationship between cosmology and epistemology is a valuable success. This article aims to examine how Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ approached their concept of reason (al-ʿaql). It is possible to evaluate the concept, reason, in the contexts of cosmology, morality, and epistemology. Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ also used this concept carefully and consistently by taking those contexts into consideration. Reason, which refers to an important communication channel between God and human beings, is the most human side of the soul. At the end of this research, we reached the conclusion that Ikhwān al-ṣafā’ accept even the intuition and revelation as rational activities

İlahiyat Alanında Yurt Dışında Lisansüstü Eğitim: ABD ve İngiltere Örneği

Ruins of sanctuaries and altars prove that religion was at the center of human life in ancient cities and civilizations. Today, likewise, religion is an element that somewhat determines the route of societies, the politics of the states, and the course of relations among people. Even in some cultures that look very secular, religion is a part of debates in law, education, social policies, and even health services. While even the secularism of France, the homeland of secularism, is a kind of secularism baptized, it is impossible to ignore the significance of religion. Thus, it is entirely appropriate to say that the study of religion is one of the most important and oldest disciplines in the field of social sciences. The main focus of the studies of religion is to research the root, history, content, and borders of religions and their effect on individuals and societies, as well as to share findings with people. In addition, scholars assess the phenomenon of religion in various ways by touching on its different aspects. While determining a religion's content requires a method, determining the effects of the same religion on people requires another kind of method. If the aim is to determine the quiddity of the phenomenon of religion as independent from a specific religion, it requires quite another method. In other words, due to the need to consider religion through various aspects, different methods have appeared in the studies of religion. Today some countries that are pioneers in education consider the varieties of methods in studying religion, as they do in many fields. As a result of this kind of variety, institutions that deal with the study of religion have had different names. When we take the West as a basis, these names are such: Religious Studies, Theology, Divinity Schools, Seminaries, and Biblical Studies/Collages. As for our country, they are İlahiyat Fakültesi, İslamî İlimler Fakültesi, and Dinî Yüksek İhtisas ve Eğitim Merkezi. This kind of classification is expected to base on the different methods in an ideal way. In this way, we may clearly understand the limits and quality of educational services those institutions provide. In this presentation, firstly, there will be some information about the method and content of graduate education in studying religion in the USA and UK. Secondly, we will compare these institutions in the USA and UK with those in our country. This way, this presentation will be helpful to whoever wants to study religion in these countries and whoever wants to know comparatively about the present situation of studying religion in our country. * This paper is the revised and developed version of the unpublished conference presentation entitled “Graduate Study Abroad on Theology: The Case of USA and UK”, orally delivered at the 2nd Turkish Symposium of Social Sciences.Günümüze kadar ulaşan tapınak ve sunak kalıntılarından anlaşıldığı üzere binlerce yıllık şehirlerde ve medeniyetlerde din, insan hayatının merkezindeydi. Bugün de aynı şekilde din, toplumların rotasını, devletlerin politikasını, insanlar arasındaki ilişkinin seyrini az veya çok etkileyen bir unsurdur. En seküler görünümlü toplumlarda bile din hukukun, eğitimin, sosyal politikaların hatta sağlık hizmetlerinin çerçevesi içerisinde tartışılmaktadır. Laikliğin ana yurdu Fransa’nın laikliği bile vaftiz edilmiş laiklik olarak nitelenirken dinin öneminin ihmal edilmesi imkânsızdır. Bu nedenle sosyal bilimler alanının en önemli ve kadim disiplinlerinden birisi din çalışmalarıdır, demek son derece isabetli olacaktır. Dinlerin kaynağının, tarihinin, içeriğinin, sınırlarının, insanlar ve toplumlar üzerindeki etkisinin ne olduğunu araştırmak ve bulguları, bilgileri insanlarla paylaşmak din çalışmalarının odağıdır. Bununla beraber din olgusu farklı yönlerine temas edilmek suretiyle farklı din çalışmaları disiplinlerince ele alınmaktadır. Bir dinin içeriğinin tespit edilmesi bir çeşit din çalışması metodunu gerektirirken aynı dinin insan üzerindeki etkisinin tespit edilmesi ise başka bir metodu gerekli kılmaktadır. Müstakil bir dinden bağımsız olarak din olgusunun mahiyeti tespit edilecekse de daha farklı bir metoda başvurmak gerekmektedir. Dinin farklı yönlerden ele alınma zorunluluğunun bir sonucu olarak din çalışmalarında çeşitli metotlar ortaya konulmuştur. Günümüzde eğitim alanında öncü olan ülkelerde birçok alanda olduğu gibi din çalışmaları alanında da metot farkı gözetilmiş ve ciddiye alınmıştır. Din çalışmaları yapan kurumlar bu farklılıklara istinaden farklı isimlendirilmiştir. Batı’yı esas aldığımızda bu isimleri Religious Studies, Theology, Divinity Schools, Seminaries ve Biblical Studies/Collages şeklinde sıralayabiliriz. Ülkemizde ise din çalışmaları İlahiyat Fakültesi, İslamî İlimler Fakültesi, Dinî Yüksek İhtisas ve Eğitim Merkezleri gibi isimler altında yapılmaktadır. Bu isimlendirmelerin en ideal şekliyle metot farklarına dayanması beklenmektedir. Böylece her kurumun din çalışmalarındaki sınırı ve sunduğu hizmetin niteliği netleşmiş olacaktır. Bu tebliğde ilk olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve İngiltere örneği üzerinden din alanında sunulan lisansüstü eğitim hakkında metot ve içeriğe dair bilgiler verilecektir. İkinci olarak ülkemizdeki mezkûr kurumlarla kısa bir karşılaştırması yapılacaktır. Böylece bu tebliğ ile hem yurt dışında ilahiyat alanında lisansüstü eğitim almak isteyenlere fayda sağlamak hem de ülkemizin ilahiyat eğitiminin mevcut durumuna dair bilgi sahibi olmak isteyenlerin karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde meseleye yaklaşmasına imkân sağlamak hedeflenmektedir.   * Bu çalışma, 2. Türkiye Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu’nda sözlü olarak sunulan ancak tam metni yayımlanmayan “İlahiyat Alanında Yurt Dışında Lisansüstü Eğitim: ABD ve İngiltere Örneği” adlı tebliğin içeriği geliştirilerek ve kısmen değiştirilerek üretilmiş hâlidir