Differentiating comorbidities and predicting prognosis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus using cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: a review

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a condition resulting from impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption and excretion characterized by a triad of symptoms comprising dementia, gait disturbance (impaired trunk balance), and urinary incontinence. CSF biomarkers not only assist in diagnosis but are also important for analyzing the pathology and understanding appropriate treatment indications. As the neuropathological findings characteristic of iNPH have yet to be defined, there remains no method to diagnose iNPH with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Neurotoxic proteins are assumed to be involved in the neurological symptoms of iNPH, particularly the appearance of cognitive impairment. The symptoms of iNPH can be reversed by improving CSF turnover through shunting. However, early diagnosis is essential as once neurodegeneration has progressed, pathological changes become irreversible and symptom improvement is minimal, even after shunting. Combining a variety of diagnostic methods may lead to a more definitive diagnosis and accurate prediction of the prognosis following shunt treatment. Identifying comorbidities in iNPH using CSF biomarkers does not contraindicate shunting-based intervention, but does limit the improvement in symptoms it yields, and provides vital information for predicting post-treatment prognosi

Lip Formation and Ejecta from LPSO-type Magnesium Alloy Plates in Hypervelocity Impact

Long period stacking ordered (LPSO) type magnesium alloys have the low density, excellent mechanical strength and ignition resistance. LPSO-type magnesium alloys have a great potential as structural materials of satellites. Lip formation and ejecta size were examined when spherical projectiles strikes thin plates made of LPSO-type magnesium alloy at hypervelocities of 5 km/s. Witness plates were placed in front of and behind each target to determine the scattering area. After impact experiments, ejecta were collected from test chamber and lips near penetration hole was examined x-ray computed cosmography (CT) in detail. Results of LPSO-type magnesium alloy plates were compared with those of aluminum alloy (A6061-T6). Images of scattering ejecta taken by a high speed video camera were also discussed.11th International Symposium on Plasticity and Impact Mechanics(IMPLAST 2016), 11 - 14 December 2016, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Indi

Tsunami-induced changes in abalone and sea urchin populations in Otsuchi Bay, Japan

The effects of a tsunami on abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), and sea urchin (Mesocentrotus nudus) populations in Otsuchi Bay, Japan, are reported. Changes in density and size composition of the two species are compared at three locations along nine transects in the inner, middle and entrance parts of Otsuchi Bay. The intensity of tsunami impacts, and degree of recovery differed among locations and species. Tsunami impacts on the abalone were greatest in the inner part of the bay, where density remains almost 0 inds./m2 even in 2015. However, clear changes in density and size composition of the abalone have not been confirmed in the middle and entrance parts of the bay until 2015. In the inner part of the bay, an increase in urchin density is attributed to continuous successful recruitment following the tsunami, and this phenomenon was considered as a factor for shrinkage of algal communities and the abalone population in the inner part.Special Issue（東日本大震災特集

Automated radiosynthesis of 18F-fluoromethylated tracers using the simplified one-pot 18F-fluoromethylation via [18F]fluoromethyl tosylate.

Background/Aims: [18F]Fluoroalkyl groups are essential labeling units because they are considered as surrogates for [11C]methyl moieties, and are coupled to the same functional units as the [11C]methyl group. Many [18F]fluoroalkyated PET tracers have been developed. In general, 18F-fluoroalkylation using [18F]fluoroalkyl reagents requires multi-step radiosynthesis procedures and a multi-pot 18F-labeling synthesizer. To overcome these limitations, a straightforward one-pot method for 18F-fluoroethylation without azeotropic drying of [18F]F- was developed [1]. We have used an improved one-pot 18F-fluoroethylaion method to synthesize 18F-fluoroethylated tracers [2]. In this study, we further modified this one-pot method suitable for 18F-fluoromethylation, and simplified the automated radiosynthesis of two [18F]fluoromethylated tracers using this method. Methods: We synthesized [18F]fluoromethyl tosylate in a mixture of 18F- in K222/K2CO3 acetonitrile solution including 2% water, bis(tosyloxy)methane and cesium carbonate. Without purification of [18F]fluoromethyl tosylate, we directly added a labeling precursor to this mixture for the simplified one-pot 18F-fluoromethylation. Using this procedure equipped to a 18F-labeling synthesizer, [18F]FCho (a PET tracer for imaging tumor) and [18F]FMeNER-D2 (a PET tracer for imaging norepinephrine transporter) were automatically synthesized by the reactions of their corresponding labeling precursors with [18F]fluoromethyl tosylate, respectively. Results: Using the simplified one-pot 18F-fluoromethylation procedure in the automated radiosynthesis, we achieved [18F]FCho and [18F]FMeNER-D2 in approximately 10% of radiochemical yield from 18F- at the end of irradiation (EOI). Radiosynthesis times and radiochemical purities of two 18F-labeled tracers were approximately 60 min after EOI and over 95%, respectively. Conclusions: We have successively synthesized [18F]FCho and [18F]FMeNER-D2 using the simplified one-pot 18F-fluoromethylation method, and achieved automation for all radiosynthesis processes using an 18F-labeling synthesizer. The present method provides a shorter synthesis time and automated procedures with one-pot for the 18F-fluoromethylation strategy.第13回世界核医学会(13th Congress of the World Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology

Automated radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of 18F-labeled analog of the photosensitizer ADPM06 for planning photodynamic therapy

Abstract Background A family of BF2-chelated tetraaryl-azadipyrromethenes was developed as non-porphyrin photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Among the developed photosensitizers, ADPM06 exhibited excellent photochemical and photophysical properties. Molecular imaging is a useful tool for photodynamic therapy planning and monitoring. Radiolabeled photosensitizers can efficiently address photosensitizer biodistribution, providing helpful information for photodynamic therapy planning. To evaluate the biodistribution of ADPM06 and predict its pharmacokinetics on photodynamic therapy with light irradiation immediately after administration, we synthesized [18F]ADPM06 and evaluated its in vivo properties. Results [18F]ADPM06 was automatically synthesized by Lewis acid-assisted isotopic 18F-19F exchange using ADPM06 and tin (IV) chloride at room temperature for 10 min. Radiolabeling was carried out using 0.4 μmol of ADPM06 and 200 μmol of tin (IV) chloride. The radiosynthesis time was approximately 60 min, and the radiochemical purity was > 95% at the end of the synthesis. The decay-corrected radiochemical yield from [18F]F− at the start of synthesis was 13 ± 2.7% (n = 5). In the biodistribution study of male ddY mice, radioactivity levels in the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, small intestine, muscle, and brain gradually decreased over 120 min after the initial uptake. The mean radioactivity level in the thighbone was the highest among all organs investigated and increased for 120 min after injection. Upon co-injection with ADPM06, the radioactivity levels in the blood and brain significantly increased, whereas those in the heart, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, muscle, and thighbone of male ddY mice were not affected. In the metabolite analysis of the plasma at 30 min post-injection in female BALB/c-nu/nu mice, the percentage of radioactivity corresponding to [18F]ADPM06 was 76.3 ± 1.6% (n = 3). In a positron emission tomography study using MDA-MB-231-HTB-26 tumor-bearing mice (female BALB/c-nu/nu), radioactivity accumulated in the bone at a relatively high level and in the tumor at a moderate level for 60 min after injection. Conclusions We synthesized [18F]ADPM06 using an automated 18F-labeling synthesizer and evaluated the initial uptake and pharmacokinetics of ADPM06 using biodistribution of [18F]ADPM06 in mice to guide photodynamic therapy with light irradiation