Extended Longevity of Reproductives Appears to be Common in Fukomys Mole-Rats (Rodentia, Bathyergidae)

African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) contain several social, cooperatively breeding species with low extrinsic mortality and unusually high longevity. All social bathyergids live in multigenerational families where reproduction is skewed towards a few breeding individuals. Most of their offspring remain as reproductively inactive “helpers” in their natal families, often for several years. This “reproductive subdivision” of mole-rat societies might be of interest for ageing research, as in at least one social bathyergid (Ansell's mole-rats Fukomys anselli), breeders have been shown to age significantly slower than non-breeders. These animals thus provide excellent conditions for studying the epigenetics of senescence by comparing divergent longevities within the same genotypes without the inescapable short-comings of inter-species comparisons. It has been claimed that many if not all social mole-rat species may have evolved similar ageing patterns, too. However, this remains unclear on account of the scarcity of reliable datasets on the subject. We therefore analyzed a 20-year breeding record of Giant mole-rats Fukomys mechowii, another social bathyergid species. We found that breeders indeed lived significantly longer than helpers (ca. 1.5–2.2fold depending on the sex), irrespective of social rank or other potentially confounding factors. Considering the phylogenetic positions of F. mechowii and F. anselli and unpublished data on a third Fukomys-species (F. damarensis) showing essentially the same pattern, it seems probable that the reversal of the classic trade-off between somatic maintenance and sexual reproduction is characteristic of the whole genus and hence of the vast majority of social mole-rats

Light Perception in Two Strictly Subterranean Rodents: Life in the Dark or Blue?

BACKGROUND: The African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) are strictly subterranean, congenitally microphthalmic rodents that are hardly ever exposed to environmental light. Because of the lack of an overt behavioural reaction to light, they have long been considered to be blind. However, recent anatomical studies have suggested retention of basic visual capabilities. In this study, we employed behavioural tests to find out if two mole-rat species are able to discriminate between light and dark, if they are able to discriminate colours and, finally, if the presence of light in burrows provokes plugging behaviour, which is assumed to have a primarily anti-predatory function. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: We used a binary choice test to show that the silvery mole-rat Heliophobius argenteocinereus and the giant mole-rat Fukomys mechowii exhibit a clear photoavoidance response to full-spectrum ("white"), blue and green-yellow light, but no significant reaction to ultraviolet or red light during nest building. The mole-rats thus retain dark/light discrimination capabilities and a capacity to perceive short to medium-wavelength light in the photopic range of intensities. These findings further suggest that the mole-rat S opsin has its absorption maximum in the violet/blue part of the spectrum. The assay did not yield conclusive evidence regarding colour discrimination. To test the putative role of vision in bathyergid anti-predatory behaviour, we examined the reaction of mole-rats to the incidence of light in an artificial burrow system. The presence of light in the burrow effectively induced plugging of the illuminated tunnel. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that the photopic vision is conserved and that low acuity residual vision plays an important role in predator avoidance and tunnel maintenance in the African mole-rats

The karyotypes of Cryptomys anselli sp. nova and Cryptomys kafuensis sp. nova: new species of the common mole-rat from Zambia (Rodentia, Bathyergidae)

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Chromosomal diversity in mole-rats of the genus Cryptomys (Rodentia: Bathyergidae) from the Zambezian region: with descriptions of new karyotypes

The genus Cryptomys contains a number of social, subterranean rodents that are widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Specimens of Cryptomys from 23 localities in south-west Zambia were karyotyped using a standard staining protocol. A minimum of five metaphases per specimen was scored for 2n and the fundamental number (NF) was determined in females. Nine new karyotypes, which may represent several new species, were identified: (1) 2n 42, NF = 78 (Dongo, Southern Province); (2) 2n = 44, NF 76 (Salujinga, North-western Province); (3) 2n = 45, NF = 78 (Lochinvar, Southern Province); (4) 2n = 52, NF 86 (Chinyingi, North-western Province); (5) 2n = 54, NF = 78 (Monze, Southern Province); (6) 2n = 56, NF = 76 (Watopa, North-western Province); (7) 2n = 58, NF = 80 (Livingstone, Southern Province); (8) 2n = 58, NF = 86 (Senanga, Western Province); (9) 2n = 60, NF = 82 (Kataba, Western Province; type locality of C. damarensis micklemi). Contrary to previous reports, the specimens from Kataba and Senanga on the left bank of the Zambezi do not correspond to C. damarensis and should be considered a separate species: C. micklemi (as confirmed by molecular analyses; Ingram, Burda & Honeycutt, 2004). According to the karyotype, C. damarensis occurs only on the right bank of the Zambezi River in the Western Province. In contrast to the high karyotypic variability on the right bank of the Kafue River, it was found that C. anselli (2n = 68) is widely distributed throughout the Central province on the left bank of the Kafue River. The resulting pattern of occurrence of the different karyotypes correlates well with the extant river system configuration that separates most karyotypes. We hypothesize that geomorphological changes and in particular river system dynamics in recent geological times have played an important role in the chromosomal diversification and may have provided opportunities for speciation to occur