The Use of p16 immunostaining in resolving discordance between colposcopy and biopsy in cervical cancer screening

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the preventable cause of cancer morbidity and mortality because of availability of numerous screening procedures. Colposcopy is considered a standard for cervical diagnosis by the clinicians. But there is an imperfect correlation between the visual changes of the cervical epithelium and the severity of the preneoplastic and neoplastic changes. Colposcopy has a high sensitivity but low specificity, leading to discordance between colposcopy and biopy results, particilarly in diagnosing early lesions. p16 is a tumour suppressor protein and it inhibits cyclin dependant kinase 4 & 6, which are regulatory proteins in cell cycle. p16 is a surrogate marker for high risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) – mediated carcinogenesis in cervical epithelium. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the use of p16 immunostaining (surrogate marker for high risk HPV) in resolving discordance between colposcopy and biopsy in cervical cancer screening. 2. To assess the use of p16 as a criteria for patient follow up. Thus p16 positive but biopsy negative cases will be kept under surveillance to look for progression of disease. METHODS: In our study group, discordant cases between colposcopy and biopsy were included. 70 patient samples consisting of chronic cervicitis (60 out of the 84 false positive cases), and all 10 false negative cases including CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, Suspicous of malignancy were included in the study. Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was considered a positive reaction. RESULTS: Out of 60 chronic cervicitis cases, 58 were negative (96.6%) and 2 were positive (3.4%). Of the 4 CIN I cases, 2 were positive (50%) and 2 was negative (50%). All CIN II, CIN III, suspicious cases were positive (100%). Statistical analysis was done and CHI SQUARE = 46.04 p <0.001. CONCLUSION: Thus p16 can be used to supplement histopathology whenever there is a discordance in the diagnosis of early lesions between the colposcopist and pathologist

An analysis of cytological, hematological and cytogenetic effects of occupational exposure of formaldehyde among medical professionals

Formaldehyde, the common tissue preservative used in anatomy and pathology laboratories find its use in many chemical industries also. This chemical has been documented to cause acute irritating symptoms of eyes, nose and throat. Yet the effect of this chemical on the cellular level causing carcinogenesis remains questionable. And so this study was planned to observe the occupational exposure of formaldehyde upon nasal cytology, hematology and lymphocyte cytogenetic assay. 29 Personnel working in anatomy department, for varied period were taken up for this study. Their nasal mucosal cytology was obtained, smeared and stained. Peripheral blood taken and subjected to total blood count and cytokinetic assay followed by karyotyping. The Nasal cytology showed mild to moderate squamous metaplasia, abundant eosinophil and mast cells in 24 subjects. Hematology showed pancytopenia in just 4 subjects. In cytokinetic assay Micronuclei were seen in 2 subjects. Nucleoplasmic brideges were found in 3 subjects. And varying numbers of numerous apoptotic and necrotic cells were seen in all 29 studied. The observed features were found to be related to duration of exposure to formaldehyde. Also it was found associated to the increasing age and gender. The analysis of this study concludes that formaldehyde does affect nasal cytology profoundly, blood picture minimally and cytogenetic of cell maximally in proportion to duration of exposure and age

A comparison between effects of specific balance training programme and general balance and mobility exercise programme for improving balance in elderly population.

INTRODUCTION : Biological functions decline with age. Deterioration of balance is a well documented hallmark of the ageing process. Poor balance is initially detectable in the sixth decade of life but then accelerates so that it becomes the rule rather than the exception by one's late eighties. Balance disturbances frequently cause elderly people to seek medical advice and admission to hospitals and residential homes. Impaired balance has been correlated with an increased risk for falls and a resulting increase in the mortality rate of elder people. METHODS : This chapter deals with the methods used for this study. These include information on the subjects, instrumentation used and the interventions given. A sample of convenience of 70 older adults took part in this study. The subjects were collected through a Geriatric camp organized at Padmavathy College Of Physiotherapy, Periannahalli, Dharmapuri and neighbour hood of the campus also volunteered for the study. Subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were ready to attend the exercise program regularly were selected. RESULTS : The group receiving General Balance and mobility exercise program (Group 1) consisted of 17 males and 18 females with a mean age of 69.24 ± 4.30 years while the Group 2 receiving Specific balance – strategy training programme consisted of 15 males and 20 females with a mean age of 69.89 ± 4.23 years. Both the groups were matched in terms of age, height and weight. CONCLUSION : This study thus concludes that although both General Balance and Mobility Exercise and Specific Balance-Strategy Training programme showed a significantly better improvement in balance as compared to Group 1. Thus, concluding that a Specific Balance – Strategy Training Programme is superior to a General Balance and Mobility exercise programme

Analysis of Red Complex Bacteria in the microbiome of whole Saliva in Periodontal Health and Periodontitis Individuals using Next Generation Sequencing Technology

BACKGROUND: The red complex bacteria which includes Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), Treponema denticola are described as climax colonizers and are thought to be play an important pathogen in progression of periodontal disease. These bacterial species are usually found together in periodontal pockets, suggesting that they may cause destruction of the periodontal tissue in a cooperative manner. Technological developments in sequencing and identifying DNA and powerful bioinformatics tools have helped in characterization of microbia of interest in relation to the total microbial load. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of the red complex bacteria in saliva using Next Generation Sequencing Technology in periodontal health and periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 individuals seeking dental treatment in Ragas Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, were involved in the present study, of which 10 were periodontally healthy individuals (control group) and 10 were periodontitis patients (test group). The salivary red complex was investigated with NGS technology using Illumina MiSeq sequencing method. Amplicons from V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA gene were sequenced. RESULTS: The results of our study suggest that the Red complex bacteria were significantly higher in periodontitis [P. gingivalis

The effect of cryotherapy on arteriovenous fistula puncture pain among patients on hemodialysis in selected hospital at Trichy.

Hemodialysis impacts quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease. Although Arteriovenous Fistula have the lowest complaints of apprehension and fear of painful needling. cutaneous stimulation referred to as peripheral technique , describes any form of stimulation of the skin with the goal of pain relief. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of cryotherapy on ArterioVenous Fistula puncture pain among patients on hemodialysis . METHOD: True experimental posttest only control group design was adopted for this study. Sixty patients were recruited by simple random sampling method. Experimental group (n=30) received cryotherapy for 8 minutes in contralateral arm and Control group (n=30) no intervention. ArterioVenous Fistula puncture pain was assessed by numerical pain scale. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the post test mean score ArterioVenous Fistula puncture pain was 2.63 ± 1.27 in the experimental group and 7.06± significant at p<0.001. DISCUSSION: The study concluded that the level of ArterioVenous Fistula puncture pain among patients on hemodialysis was reduced after receiving cryotherapy

Elucidation of the role of paramagnetic valence states of high spin transition metal ions in MOF catalysts by EPR spectroscopy

In this thesis, the CW and pulse EPR techniques are employed to understand several information, such as the local and electronic structure and magnetic interactions of metal ions in metalorganic frameworks as well as the guest-host framework interaction upon gas adsorption. Other characterization techniques, such as PXRD, SQUID, and quantum chemical calculation, are also outlined, which are complementary to the information provided by EPR. In situ EPR studies give valuable details on structural transition, which can’t be attained by other techniques always. EPR spectroscopy confirms that post-synthetic modification is possible in paddle wheel-based MOFs through the magnetic coupling of metal centers and also gives information about magnetic mixed paddle wheel units, which is often complicated to understand. The quite challenging divalent nickel-based MOF is studied along with NO adsorption, and the result highlights the capabilities of sophisticated EPR techniques in combination with quantum chemical calculations to provide fundamental insights into the non-obvious electronic structure of open-shell species docked in metal-organic frameworks. Finally, the inter- and intra-trimer interactions of high-spin chromiumbased trimers are discussed in detail in combination with SQUID magnetometry

Diagnostic application of expression of CD 56 Immunohistochemistry Marker in Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant endocrine tumor. Currently, tissue biopsy and pathological assessment are the best diagnostic modalities for thyroid lesions. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the commonest thyroid cancer. In the recent decades an increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma has been documented. The pathological diagnosis of PTC is fairly simple in the majority of cases. However, with the introduction of follicular variant of PTC and the wide threshold range in interpretation of pathological criteria for diagnosis of PTC, the diagnosis in few cases became quite difficult. Unfortunately, some cases are unjustifiably over-called as follicular variant of PTC due to the wide inter observable variability. It becomes exceedingly important to differentiate as management and prognosis of a patient varies with benign and malignant lesions. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the expression of CD 56 marker on various thyroid pathologies and analyse the significance of CD 56 marker expression on papillary carcinoma of thyroid and its variants in differentiating from benign follicular thyroid neoplasm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 58 paraffin section blocks of thyroidectomy specimen were selected based on the H&E stained slide diagnosis reported by senior pathologists. CD 56 marker was applied to these cases and their expression was assessed. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed significantly different expressions of CD56 in Papillary carcinoma versus other lesions of the thyroid gland. The sensitivity and specificity of CD56 for diagnosing Papillary carcinoma were 86.7% and 85.7%, respectively with a diagnostic accuracy of 86.2%. CONCLUSION: CD56 is both a sensitive and specific marker for differentiating Papillary carcinoma from other follicular lesions of thyroid singly but it may be better to use a combination of markers for clinical evaluation of patients

Seaweed extract as a biostimulant for legume crop, green gram

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of seaweed extracts obtained from the marine green algae, Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R. Brown ex Turner) C. Agardh, brown algae Sargassum plagiophyllum C. Agardh, Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kutzing, Padina tetrastromatica Hauck, Dictyota dichotama (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux on the stimulate germination, growth parameters of the Vigna radiata. The present study reveals the seeds germination, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots and roots. These results suggested that seaweed extracts stronger induce seed germination and growth parameters

Analysis of Protective Film Formed on Carbon Steel Immersed in Seawater by Diethylenetriamine Penta (methylene phosphonic acid) -Zn 2+ System

Abstract: The inhibition efficiency of diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP) -Zn 2+ system in controlling corrosion of carbon steel in natural sea water has been evaluated by weight-loss and electrochemical method. The formulation consisting of 250 ppm of DTPMP and 50 ppm of Zn 2+ has 98% IE. Polarization study reveals that DTPMP-Zn 2+ formulation functions as a mixed inhibitor controlling the anodic reaction and cathodic reaction to the same extent. The protective film has been analyzed by FTIR and the surface morphology of the metal surface has been analyzed by an atomic force microscopy

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic application of ZnWO4/ZrO2 nanocomposite towards degradation of methyl orange dye

Visible light active ZnWO4/ZrO2 nanocomposite was prepared via hydrothermal method. The nanocomposite was characterized by UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis-DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The XRD results showed that average particle size of ZrO2, ZnWO4 and ZnWO4/ZrO2 were found to be 29.20 nm, 23.78 nm and 20.14 nm respectively and the phase structure for ZrO2 and ZnWO4 in the composite was Rhombohedral and Monoclinic respectively. The UV–vis absorption spectra of the ZnWO4/ZrO2 nanocomposite noticeably shifted to the visible light region compared to that of the ZrO2. The prepared photocatalyst were composed of plate and spongy sphere with little agglomeration was seen from SEM result. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared nanocomposite was evaluated for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiations. The effect of operational parameters such as initial dye concentration, pH, catalyst concentration and irradiation time have been investigated in detail. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ZnWO4/ZrO2, ZnWO4 and ZrO2 for 95%, 72% and 60 % respevtively. The high photocatalytic activity can be attributed to stronger absorption in the visible light region, a greater specific surface area, smaller crystal sizes, more surface OH groups, and to the effect of ZnWO4 doping, which resulted in a lower band gap energy