Detection of Secondary Metabolites Using HPTLC and GC-MS Analysis and Assessment of Pharmacological Activities of Phoenix loureiroi Kunth (Arecaceae) Ethanolic Leaves Extract in the Management of Pyrexia, Pain and Inflammation

The present research work was carried out the High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and assessment of pharmacological activities of Phoenix loureiroi Kunth (Arecaceae) ethanolic leaves extract at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg, body weight, per os. Preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC and GC-MS studies were carried out according to the standard methods. The acute toxicity studies were conducted on Swiss albino mice as per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 420. For the screening of analgesic activity, writhing test was conducted for peripheral analgesic activity whereas tail immersion test was conducted for central analgesic activity. Antipyretic activity was performed by using the yeast induced hyperpyrexia method and for the screening of anti-inflammatory activity carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method was used. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Phoenix loureiroi leaves (EEPLL) contains sterols, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, reducing sugar, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The HPTLC analysis method employed in this work resulted in good peak shape and enabled good resolution of quercetin present in the extract and GC-MS analysis showed a total of 25 peaks and led to the identification of 22 different phytoconstituents in the ethanolic extract. Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) was above 2,000 mg/kg and no death was recorded. The prevailing study demonstrated that EEPLL possesses widespread analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects in dose dependent manner. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract from Phoenix loureiroi leaves possesses promising analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities

The use of Aloe Vera Gel Functionalized Biogenic Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles Against Fish Putative Pathogens

Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics have resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistance among pathogens which possess a potential risk to the ecosystem, aquaculture and human health. In this study,biogeniczincoxidenanoparticles(ZnO-NPs)weresynthesizedusingaqueousextractofAloeveragel(AVGE)andtestedagainstputativepathogenicbacterialstrainsin-vitro.Ultravio-let-Visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopic analysis confirmed the synthesis of AVGE-ZnO-NPs while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the average size ofsynthesizedZnO-NPsiswithinthenanorange.Theelementalandchemicalcompositionsofsynthesized ZnO-NPs were studied using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fouri-er-transforminfrared(FTIR)spectrometer,respectively.Twowidespreadbacterialstrains,Aero-monasveroniistrainONKP1(MN602971)andStenotrophomonasmaltophiliastrainONKP2(MN602972) that are known as emerging opportunistic pathogens in various marine and freshwater fishes as well as humans and other animals, were used as test organisms. AVGE-ZnO-NPs showed strong antibacterial activity, against the tested Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria in the disc diffusion assay. The results of the present investigation could be useful for the development of new disease management strategies in the fisheries industry

The appendix to "Does stronger protection of intellectual property stimulate innovation?" A Derivation of Equation (7)

We shall derive equation equation In this formulation, we make use of the fact thatv v = −g and r = ρ. Using the expressions of profit, π M = 1−α α wx M ,and value of a firm, v = a n M +λn C , in equation Next, we replace n C in terms of n M as n C = 1−q q n M , we have: Rearranging the terms of this equation, we obtain equation (7). B Proof of Proposition 1 We differentiate equation Clearly dD dq > 0 since α −ε > 1. We, now, find out the condition for which dN dq ≤ 0 and N > 0. Differentiating the expression of N with respect to q, we get We assume that λ is sufficiently large so tha

Evaluation of the probiotic potential of Streptomyces antibioticus and Bacillus cereus on growth performance of freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis

Application of probiotics in aquaculture helps to improve the survivability, growth and immunity of aquatic organism in sustainable aquaculture practices. This study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic potentiality of Streptomyces antibioticus EW1 and Bacillus cereus EW5 isolated from the digestive tract of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and also determine their effects as probiotic in juvenile catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). The bio safety assay confirmed that the isolates were not pathogenic to the host fish. These strains were able to survive in acidic as well as alkaline conditions, higher tolerance to bile salt as well as gastric juice and high surface hydrophobicity to solvents and displayed extracellular enzyme activity and moreover susceptibility to various antibiotics. Their antimicrobial activity was assessed against two fish pathogens: Aeromonas veronii (MN602971) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MN602972). Among two isolates, the EW1 confirmed good antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens. The isolated bacterial strains were identified and established on the basis of their colony morphology, biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing which revealed that the isolates exhibited 99 % sequence homology with Streptomyces antibioticus EW1 (MH301104) and Bacillus cereus EW5 (MH301102). A 45-day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of probiotic inoculated fish diet for the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Among three isonitrogenous (30 % CP) diets: RD (reference diet), T1 (diet with Streptomyces antibioticus) and T2 (diet with Bacillus cereus), fish fed T1 diet showed significantly higher growth, digestibility and higher values of crude protein and lipid than fishes reared with T2 and RD. The result of present study suggest that diet supplemented with Streptomyces antibioticus (T1) can be perform as safe probiotic and alternative protein source in the formulation of diet for H. fossilis

Condurango (Gonolobus condurango) Extract Activates Fas Receptor and Depolarizes Mitochondrial Membrane Potential to Induce ROS-dependent Apoptosis in Cancer Cells in vitro CE-treatment on HeLa: a ROS-dependent mechanism

Objectives: Condurango (Gonolobus condurango) extract is used by complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners as a traditional medicine, including homeopathy, mainly for the treatment of syphilis. Condurango bark extract is also known to reduce tumor volume, but the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Methods: Using a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) as our model, the molecular events behind condurango extract’s (CE’s) anticancer effect were investigated by using flow cytometry, immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Other included cell types were prostate cancer cells (PC3), transformed liver cells (WRL-68), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results: Condurango extract (CE) was found to be cytotoxic against target cells, and this was significantly deactivated in the presence of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that its action could be mediated through ROS generation. CE caused an increase in the HeLa cell population containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage at the G zero/Growth 1 (G0/G1) stage. Further, CE increased the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the fas receptor (FasR) levels both at the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and the protein levels, indicating that CE might have a cytotoxic mechanism of action. CE also triggered a sharp decrease in the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB ) both at the RNA and the protein levels, a possible route to attenuation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and caused an opening of the mitochondrial membrane’s permeability transition (MPT) pores, thus enhancing caspase activities. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest possible pathways for CE mediated cytotoxicity in model cancer cells

Silver hull buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a part of nature that offers best health and honour

The gluten-free pseudocereal Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Silver hull buckwheat) belongs to the Polygonaceae family, which has a long history of both edible and medicinal use. It's a highly nutritious food ingredient that's been shown to have a variety of health benefits. Plasma cholesterol levels are lowered, neuroprotection is given, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic effects are provided, and hypertension conditions are improved thanks to Silver hull buckwheat. It has also been stated to have prebiotic and antioxidant properties. The aim of this review was to include an up-to-date and detailed study of F. esculentum. Furthermore, the potential for future research was addressed. Flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids, hormones, and fatty acids are among the various compounds derived from F. esculentum. The main active ingredients were believed to be flavonoids and phenolic compounds. All of the information presented leads us to believe that Silver hull buckwheat has a strong medicinal potential. However, further research is needed to better understand its bioactive constituents, their structural functions, and molecular mechanisms underlying

Effect of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) on the morphology and physical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium montmorillonite nanocomposite films

Nanocomposites of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and sodium monunorillonite (Na+MMT) were prepared by solution mixing and then cast into films. X-ray diffraction analysis and images of transmission electron microscopy establish the formation of PVA/Na+MMT intercalated nanocomposite. Exfoliated and highly intercalated PVA/PVP/Na+MMT nanocomposite formed in the presence of PVP. Inclusion of PVP in PVA/Na+MMT matrix enhances the hydrogen bonding interactions between PVA and Na+MMT and thus increases the mechanical properties and thermal stability of PVA/PVP/Na+MMT nanocomposites compared to PVA/Na+MMT nanocomposite. The interactions between PVA, PVP and NI(CMMT were established by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The moisture absorption tendency of both the PVA and PVA/PVP films reduced after the incorporation of Na+MMT at 75% constant relative humidity. Differential scanning calorimetry studies show that the presence of PVP and Na+MMT both are responsible for reducing the heat of fusion, and crystallinity of PVA. The flow behavior of the PVA, PVA/PVP and its nanocomposite solutions has been also studied. Water vapor permeability of PVA/PVP/Na+MMT composite films decreased in the presence of nanoclay due to increasing tortuous paths for diffusion. (C) 2013 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserve