The culture of employment: a study of immigrant women's attitudes about working in Malmö, Sweden

Sweden has long been recognized as an egalitarian Nordic welfare state, which promotes generous labor and citizenship rights for its residents, including women and immigrants. In cultural discourse and academic studies, high labor force participation signifies social equality for women, as well as successful integration for immigrants. This paper uses the experiences and attitudes of immigrant women in Sweden as a platform to study the links between Sweden’s progressive gender norms, employment culture, and immigration policies. I examine pre-immigration and post-immigration factors that may affect women’s attitudes about working after they move to Sweden. I categorize this research as a study of “cultural employment integration” to signify that it combines notions of cultural and economic immigrant integration. I designed the study to take into account the diverse cultural factors in immigrant women’s lives in order to question common notions about whether and why immigrant women would like to be employed. The empirical foundation for this paper is 22 interviews I conducted with 23 immigrant women living in the “multicultural” city of Malmö, Sweden, in 2012. I asked interviewees about their family backgrounds, immigration histories, work experiences, and beliefs about familial responsibilities, both before and after moving to Sweden. Five common trends emerged as important to women’s attitudes about work: mothering, family experiences, educational experiences and attitudes, Swedish language skill, and participants’ perceptions of gender norms in their home countries and in Sweden. These five facets are central to the gender equality discourse in Sweden. The discussion expands previous studies of immigration by considering the effects of gender, ethnicity, previous experiences, and citizenship on women’s post-immigration attitudes. The results may be useful to consider when designing cultural and employment integration programs for immigrant women

Hashing Routing

A recent trend in ad hoc network routing is the reactive on-demand philosophy where routes are established only when required. Mostly work has been concentrated on routing aspect. Most of the protocols in this category are not incorporating proper security features. Security is one of the most important concepts in ad hoc networks. It has been observed that different protocols need different strategies for security. The study here proposes a theory in this article based on Hashing as a tool. This scheme can make most of the on demand protocols secure. The study should help in making protocols more robust against attacks and standardize parameters for security in routing protocols

A comparative study of low concentration of levobupivacaine versus ropivacaine with fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural labour analgesia

>Background and Aims: Lumbar epidural analgesia is considered the modality of choice for labour analgesia. Despite its super analgesia and improved safety profile, it has been associated with maternal adverse effects like higher incidence of instrumental assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) and motor block leading to decreased ambulation. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of low concentrations of local anaesthetics (0.1% ropivacaine and 0.1% levobupivacaine) with 2 μg/ml fentanyl as a patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) technique on the incidence of instrumental AVD along with evaluation of obstetric, maternal, and foetal outcomes.Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 60 labouring parturients were randomly allocated into two equal groups to receive either 0.1% ropivacaine with 2 μg/ml fentanyl or 0.1% levobupivacaine with 2 μg/ml fentanyl as epidural solutions via PCEA pump infusions (4 ml/h) after 15 ml loading dose of the respective solutions. The incidence of instrumental AVD was noted as the primary outcome along with demographic data, maternal and foetal vital parameters, maternal VAS scores, degree of motor blockade and total epidural drug consumption.Results: The incidence of instrumental AVD was found to be 43.3% in the levobupivacaine group and 30% in the ropivacaine group. This difference was not statistically significant. Both the groups were comparable in terms of demographic data, maternal VAS scores, total epidural drug consumption and foetal APGAR scores.Conclusion: The use of newer local anaesthetics (levobupivacaine and ropivacaine) in low concentrations with opioids (fentanyl) as a PCEA technique may offer high maternal satisfaction in terms of quality of pain relief with fewer adverse events like instrumental AVD and adverse foetal outcomes