A Survey of Fraud Detection Techniques, Process and Applications

Extortion is expanding drastically with the expansion of current innovation and the worldwide superhigh-ways of correspondence, subsequent in the damage of billions of bucks world-wide each time. Fraud is an active area of research. Various fraud detection issues comprised huge data sets that are constantly evolving. In this paper, we reviewed various applications and advantages of fraud detection.We surveyed the previous technical review articles in fraud detection. Furthermore, the steps involved to detect fraud in documents. Three approaches are being investigated: a rule-based approach, model based approach and neural network

Energy Efficient Cluster Head Selection Method in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network consists of sensor nodes deployed in a network. Each node is used to send and receive the information. Sensor nodes which having the skills to sense the surroundings, to perform the computation and to interact with other sensor nodes or to the Base station .Distinctive routing protocols and algorithms are introduced to locate manner to lessen the energy consumption in most of the research . This paper gives review at synchronous transit algorithm named Ridge Method Cluster Head Selection (RMCHS), which selects efficient Cluster Heads (CHs) to the sensor network. Also the well known routing protocol LEACH is discussed in terms of its strength and limitations. In this paper our goal is to make network energy efficient by using an enhanced Cluster Head selection method based upon weight and our proposed scheme achieve quiet efficient results than previous techniques. This paper is divides into some sections

Gene encoding γ-carbonic anhydrase is cotranscribed with argC and induced in response to stationary phase and high CO2 in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a ubiquitous enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydration of CO₂to bicarbonate, a reaction underlying diverse biochemical and physiological processes. Gamma class carbonic anhydrases (γ-CAs) are widespread in prokaryotes but their physiological roles remain elusive. At present, only γ-CA of <it>Methanosarcina thermophila </it>(Cam) has been shown to have CA activity. Genome analysis of a rhizobacterium <it>Azospirillum brasilense</it>, revealed occurrence of ORFs encoding one β-CA and two γ-CAs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>One of the putative γ-CA encoding genes of <it>A. brasilense </it>was cloned and overexpressed in <it>E. coli</it>. Electrometric assays for CA activity of the whole cell extracts overexpressing recombinant GCA1 did not show CO₂hydration activity. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that <it>gca1 </it>in <it>A. brasilense </it>is co-transcribed with its upstream gene annotated as <it>argC</it>, which encodes a putative <it>N</it>-acetyl-γ-glutamate-phosphate reductase. 5'-RACE also demonstrated that there was no transcription start site between <it>argC </it>and <it>gca1</it>, and the transcription start site located upstream of <it>argC </it>transcribed both the genes (<it>argC-gca1</it>). Using transcriptional fusions of <it>argC</it>-<it>gca1 </it>upstream region with promoterless <it>lacZ</it>, we further demonstrated that <it>gca1 </it>upstream region did not have any promoter and its transcription occurred from a promoter located in the <it>argC </it>upstream region. The transcription of <it>argC-gca1 </it>operon was upregulated in stationary phase and at elevated CO₂atmosphere.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study shows lack of CO₂hydration activity in a recombinant protein expressed from a gene predicted to encode a γ-carbonic anhydrase in <it>A. brasilense </it>although it cross reacts with anti-Cam antibody raised against a well characterized γ-CA. The organization and regulation of this gene along with the putative <it>argC </it>gene suggests its involvement in arginine biosynthetic pathway instead of the predicted CO₂hydration.</p

Self-Gelling Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Hydrogel Containing Simvastatin as Suitable Wound Dressing: An Investigative Study

Hydrogels, an advanced interactive system, is finding use as wound dressings, however, they exhibit restricted mechanical properties, macroscopic nature, and may not manage high exudate wounds or incorporate lipophilic actives. In this study, we developed a self-gelling solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) dressing to incorporate simvastatin (SIM), a lipophilic, potential wound-healing agent, clinically limited due to poor solubility (0.03 mg/mL) and absorption. The study explores unconventional and novel application of SIM. The idea was to incorporate a significant amount of SIM in a soluble form and release it slowly over a prolonged time. Further, a suitable polymeric surfactant was selected that assigned a self-gelling property to SLNs (SLN-hydrogel) so as to be used as a novel wound dressing. SLNs assign porosity, elasticity, and occlusivity to the dressing to keep the wound area moist. It will also provide better tolerance and sensory properties to the hydrogel. SIM loaded SLN-hydrogel was prepared employing an industry amenable high-pressure homogenization technique. The unique hydrogel dressing was characterized for particle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, and texture. Significant loading of SIM (10% w/w) was achieved in spherical nanoparticule hydrogel (0.3 nm (nanoparticles) to 2 µm (gelled-matrix)) that exhibited good spreadability and mechanical properties and slow release up to 72 h. SLN-hydrogel was safe as per the organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD-404) guidelines, with no signs of irritation. Complete healing of excision wound observed in rats within 11 days was 10 times better than marketed povidone-iodine product. The presented work is novel both in terms of classifying a per se SLN-hydrogel and employing SIM. Further, it was established to be a safe, effective, and industry amenable invention

Oxidative Homeostasis Regulates the Response to Reductive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through Translation Control

SummaryReductive stress leads to the loss of disulfide bond formation and induces the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER), necessary to regain proteostasis in the compartment. Here we show that peroxide accumulation during reductive stress attenuates UPRER amplitude by altering translation without any discernible effect on transcription. Through a comprehensive genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identify modulators of reductive stress-induced UPRER and demonstrate that oxidative quality control (OQC) genes modulate this cellular response in the presence of chronic but not acute reductive stress. Using a combination of microarray and relative quantitative proteomics, we uncover a non-canonical translation attenuation mechanism that acts in a bipartite manner to selectively downregulate highly expressed proteins, decoupling the cell’s transcriptional and translational response during reductive ER stress. Finally, we demonstrate that PERK, a canonical translation attenuator in higher eukaryotes, helps in bypassing a ROS-dependent, non-canonical mode of translation attenuation

Systematic Development and Characterization of Novel, High Drug-Loaded, Photostable, Curcumin Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Hydrogel for Wound Healing

The study aims to develop high drug-loaded (about 15% lipid matrix) curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs) for wound healing. CSLNs prepared by hot, high-pressure homogenization, without using organic solvents, were optimized using the Taguchi design followed by the central composite design. The optimized CSLNs exhibited a high assay/drug content (0.6% w/w), solubility (6 × 105 times), and EE (75%) with a particle size &lt; 200 nm (PDI—0.143). The CSLNs were safe (in vitro and in vivo), photostable, autoclavable, stable up to one year at 30 °C and under refrigeration and exhibited a controlled release (zero-order; 5 days). XRD, FTIR, and DSC confirmed solubilization and entrapment of the curcumin within the SLNs. TEM and FESEM revealed a smooth and spherical shape. The CSLNs showed a significant antimicrobial effect (MIC of 64 µg/mL for planktonic cells; 512 µg/mL for biofilm formation; and 2 mg/mL for mature biofilm) against Staphylococcus aureus 9144, while free curcumin dispersion did not exhibit any effect. This is the first report on the disruption of mature biofilms by curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (CSLNs). The cell proliferation potential of CSLNs was also evaluated in vitro while the wound healing potential of CSLNs (incorporated in a hydrogel) was assessed in vivo. In (i) nitrogen mustard gas and (ii) a full-thickness excision wound model, CSLNs exhibited (a) significantly faster wound closure, (b) histologically and immunohistochemically better healing, (c) lower oxidative stress (LPO) and (d) inflammation (TNFα), and (e) increased angiogenesis (VEGF) and antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase and GSH levels. CSLNs thus offer a promising modern wound therapy especially for infected wounds, considering their effects in mature biofilm disruption