A Computer Program for Calculating Three-Dimensional Compressible Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers on Arbitrary Wings

A computer program for calculating three dimensional compressible laminar and turbulent boundary layers on arbitrary wings is described and presented. The computer program consists of three separate programs, namely, a geometry program to represent the wing analytically, a velocity program to compute the external velocity components from a given experimental pressure distribution and a finite difference boundary layer method to solve the governing equations for compressible flows. To illustrate the usage of the computer program, three different test cases are presented and the preparation of the input data as well as the computed output data is discussed in some detail

A general method for calculating three-dimensional compressible laminar and turbulent boundary layers on arbitrary wings

The method described utilizes a nonorthogonal coordinate system for boundary-layer calculations. It includes a geometry program that represents the wing analytically, and a velocity program that computes the external velocity components from a given experimental pressure distribution when the external velocity distribution is not computed theoretically. The boundary layer method is general, however, and can also be used for an external velocity distribution computed theoretically. Several test cases were computed by this method and the results were checked with other numerical calculations and with experiments when available. A typical computation time (CPU) on an IBM 370/165 computer for one surface of a wing which roughly consist of 30 spanwise stations and 25 streamwise stations, with 30 points across the boundary layer is less than 30 seconds for an incompressible flow and a little more for a compressible flow

Calculation of three-dimensional compressible laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Calculation of three-dimensional compressible boundary layers on arbitrary wings

A very general method for calculating compressible three-dimensional laminar and turbulent boundary layers on arbitrary wings is described. The method utilizes a nonorthogonal coordinate system for the boundary-layer calculations and includes a geometry package that represents the wing analytically. In the calculations all the geometric parameters of the coordinate system are accounted for. The Reynolds shear-stress terms are modeled by an eddy-viscosity formulation developed by Cebeci. The governing equations are solved by a very efficient two-point finite-difference method used earlier by Keller and Cebeci for two-dimensional flows and later by Cebeci for three-dimensional flows

Some problems of the calculation of three-dimensional boundary layer flows on general configurations

An accurate solution of the three-dimensional boundary layer equations over general configurations such as those encountered in aircraft and space shuttle design requires a very efficient, fast, and accurate numerical method with suitable turbulence models for the Reynolds stresses. The efficiency, speed, and accuracy of a three-dimensional numerical method together with the turbulence models for the Reynolds stresses are examined. The numerical method is the implicit two-point finite difference approach (Box Method) developed by Keller and applied to the boundary layer equations by Keller and Cebeci. In addition, a study of some of the problems that may arise in the solution of these equations for three-dimensional boundary layer flows over general configurations

Analysis of iced wings

A method for computing ice shapes along the leading edge of a wing and a method for predicting its aerodynamic performance degradation due to icing is described. Ice shapes are computed using an extension of the LEWICE code which was developed for airfoils. The aerodynamic properties of the iced wing are determined with an interactive scheme in which the solutions of the inviscid flow equations are obtained from a panel method and the solutions of the viscous flow equations are obtained from an inverse three-dimensional finite-difference boundary-layer method. A new interaction law is used to couple the inviscid and viscous flow solutions. The application of the LEWICE wing code to the calculation of ice shapes on a MS-317 swept wing shows good agreement with measurements. The interactive boundary-layer method is applied to a tapered ice wing in order to study the effect of icing on the aerodynamic properties of the wing at several angles of attack

Propagation of Tollmien Schlichting waves in a wing boundary layer

So far, very little is known about instability wave propagation in a wing boundary layer in free flight. Therefore, flight tests were performed in order to investigate under conditions of natural excitement Tollmien-Schlichting waves as primary instabilities in transition to turbulence. Measurements were done with a 64 element hot-film array. the array was bonded to a laminar glove on the right hand wing of the flying testbed LFU 205. Amplitudes of wall shear stress fluctuations induced by Tollmien-Schlichting waves were quantified by employing a calibration procedure for hot-film sensors. Analysis of measured data reveals a brodband frequency spectrum of TS-instabilities typical for wave packages, while the spanwise extend of wave trains is comparatively small (in the order of about 3 wavelengths)