Effect of xylitol-containing carbohydrate mixtures on acid and ammonia production in suspensions of salivary sediment

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75508/1/j.1600-0722.1987.tb01631.x.pd

Xylitol Chewing Gums and Caries Rates: A 40-month Cohort Study

Dental caries is a pandemic infectious disease which can affect the quality of life and consumes considerable health care resources. The chewing of xylitol, sorbitol, and even sugar gum has been suggested to reduce caries rates. No clinical study has simultaneously investigated the effectiveness of these gums when compared with a group receiving no chewing gum. A 40-month double-blind cohort study on the relationship between the use of chewing gum and dental caries was performed in 1989-1993 in Belize, Central America. One thousand two hundred and seventy-seven subjects (mean age, 10.2 years) were assigned to nine treatment groups: one control group (no supervised gum use), four xylitol groups (range of supervised xylitol consumption: 4.3 to 9.0 g/day), two xylitol-sorbitol groups (range of supervised consumption of total polyols: 8.0 to 9.7 g/day), one sorbitol group (supervised consumption: 9.0 g/day), and one sucrose group (9.0 g/day). The gum use during school hours was supervised. Four calibrated dentists performed the caries registrations by means of a modified WHO procedure. The primary endpoint was the development of an unequivocal caries lesion on a non-cavitated tooth surface. Compared with the no-gum group, sucrose gum usage resulted in a marginal increase in the caries rate (relative risk, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.96 to 1.49; p = 0.1128). Sorbitol gum significantly reduced caries rates (relative risk, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 0.92; p = 0.0074). The four xylitol gums were most effective in reducing caries rates, the most effective agent being a 100% xylitol pellet gum (relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.36; p = 0.0001). This gum was superior to any other gum (p < 0.01). The xylitol-sorbitol mixtures were less effective than xylitol, but they still reduced caries rates significantly compared with the no-gum group. DMFS analyses were consistent with these conclusions. The results suggest that systematic usage of polyol-based chewing gums reduces caries rates in young subjects, with xylitol gums being more effective than sorbitol gums.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68231/2/10.1177_00220345950740121501.pd

Collagenolytic and phosphatase activity in the rat mandible after functional protrusion

The effect of chronic mandibular protrusion on the collagenolytic and phosphatase activity of several mandibular bone sites and the condylar cartilage was evaluated. Ninety-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into two experimental and one control group. One experimental group wore a protrusive appliance for 2 weeks, the other for 4 weeks. All animals were killed at 59 days of age. Collagenolytic, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were determined in the condylar cartilage, the subchondral bone and condylar neck, and in the gonial angle and coronoid process. In the cartilage and subchondral bone, the protrusive appliance caused a reduction in collagenolytic and alkaline phosphatase activity. In the condylar neck, it caused a large increase in collagenolytic activity and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in both experimental groups. In the gonial angle and coronoid process, the appliance increased the collagenolytic activity only in the 2-week group. In the 4-week group, the alkaline phosphatase and collagenolytic activities were not different from the activities in those tissues in the control animals. Thus a protrusive appliance induced quantitative changes in enzyme activities in condylar cartilage and mandibular bone. The increase in collagenolytic activity (representing increased bone resorption) occurred typically in areas of muscle attachment and might have been the result of the neuromuscular changes induced by the protrusive appliance. The recovery to normal values of collagenolytic activity in the coronoid process and gonial angle of the 4-week group suggests that at these sites the muscles (and subperiosteal bone) might have adapted to their new biomechanical environment after the longer period of appliance wear.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28165/1/0000617.pd

Saliva Stimulants and the Oral Health of Geriatric Patients

Root-surface caries (RSC) has been recognized as a specific and important dental disease. Significant advances have been made in the pathology and microbiology of RSC, and the need to standardize the guidelines for recording RSC data has been recognized. Researchers have emphasized the increasing impact RSC will have on the geriatric population, especially since the methods to treat and prevent this disease are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of limiting RSC in a Veterans Administration (VA) patient population, using polyol-containing saliva stimulants that were voluntarily consumed by residents of a VA Medical Center (VAMC) over a period of from six to 30 months. Another aim was to study the effect of this program on the gingival health of periodontal patients.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68278/2/10.1177_08959374950090020901.pd

Biochemical and morphological changes of the rat adrenal medulla induced by peroral xylitol

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46155/1/204_2004_Article_BF00316333.pd

Near stoichiometric, irreversible inactivation of bacterial collagenases by o-chloranil (3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone)

SummaryThe hydrogen-abstracting quinone derivative 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (o-chloranil) caused a strong, near stoichiometric, irreversible inactivation of the collagenases from Bacillus cereus, Clostridium histolyticum and Achromobacter iophagus. p-Chloranil was a weaker inactivator. o-Chloranil reacted rapidly with a site that affected substrate binding. Amino acid analyses of native and totally inactivated enzymes, and the pH-profile of inactivation suggest that the dissociated form of a tyrosine residue was modified.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27289/1/0000308.pd

Analysis in gingival crevicular fluid of two oligopeptides derived from human hemoglobin Β-chain

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66059/1/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00462.x.pd

Sucrose consumption and salivary sucrase activity in a 2-year longitudinal study

Sucrose consumption data of the sucrose group (n =33) of a 2-yr longitudinal study was plotted against salivary sucrase activity values obtained during this 2-yr period. The correlation coefficients varied between 0.194 and 0.551. The subjects were divided into high (≥ 10 Μmol × min −1 × (10 −3 ) and low (<10) sucrase activity subgroups. There were significant differences in the sucrose consumption and in intake frequency between these two subgroups. These findings give further support for the possibility of using sucrase activity for the estimation of the level of individual sugar consumption.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74098/1/j.1600-0722.1989.tb01452.x.pd