Movement and neuronal response quantification.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Illustration of the passive movement of the monkey's upper limb, indicating the displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) values. <b><i>B</i></b>, Example of a raw accelerometer signal. Vertical dashed lines indicate the beginning and end of movement. <b><i>C</i></b>, Enlargement of the signal from <b><i>B</i></b> (black), overlaid with the filtered signal (blue) and the identification of the movement cycles (red asterisks). <b><i>D</i></b>,<b><i>E</i></b>, Movement peri-event-time-raster (top) and movement peri-event-time-histogram (mPETH) (bottom) of a GPe cell are presented using (<b><i>D</i></b>) The original duration of the movement cycles (marked by asterisks) and (<b><i>E</i></b>) scaled to 1 s cycle duration.</p

Single neuron movement encoding in the GP.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Mean firing rates (±SEM) of GPe (blue) and GPi (red) neurons during different parts of the experimental protocol. * p<0.001. <b><i>B</i></b>, Example of a raw spike train recorded from a GPi neuron during movement (black). The simultaneously recorded filtered accelerometer signal is superimposed (red). <b><i>C</i></b>, Example of a raster (top) and mPETH (bottom, blue) of a GPe cell. The red curve indicates the sine fit for the mPETH, and its parameters are shown (R² = 0.96): horizontal solid line indicates r₀, horizontal dashed line indicates the phase and vertical line indicates the amplitude. <b><i>D</i></b>, Compass plot of the sine fit phase (direction of arrow) and amplitude (length of the arrow) of all analyzed cells. <b><i>E</i></b>, Scatter plot of the firing rate prior to movement relative to the r₀. The regression lines are shown in solid lines, dashed line indicates equality line. In <b><i>D</i></b>,<b><i>E</i></b>, GPe neurons in blue, GPi neurons in red.</p

Interaction between pairs of pallidal neurons during movement.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Compass plot of interaction between responses to movement of all recorded pairs of neurons. Each arrow represents a pair of neurons: direction indicates the offset phase (Δθ) and length represents the multiplication of amplitudes of the sine fits (A1 and A2) on a logarithmic scale. <b><i>B</i></b>, Histogram of signal correlation. <b><i>C</i></b>, Histogram of noise correlation. Gray dashed lines in <b><i>B</i></b> and <b><i>C</i></b> indicate the mean value.</p