Additional file 1: of Sex differences in primary muscle afferent sensitization following ischemia and reperfusion injury

Comparison of Naïve and Sham male ex vivo response phenotypes. (DOCX 12 kb

Housekeeping genes and genes of interest investigated in <i>Aiptasia pulchella</i> by using qRT-PCR.

<p>Housekeeping genes and genes of interest investigated in <i>Aiptasia pulchella</i> by using qRT-PCR.</p

The ratio of Genes of Interest (GOI) associated with host mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis with expression in thermal stress treated anemones versus controls.

<p>The ratio of Genes of Interest (GOI) associated with host mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis with expression in thermal stress treated anemones versus controls.</p

Schematic model of mitochondrial breakdown and representation of host cytochrome c (cyt<i>c</i>) interactions with electron transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release mechanisms leading to cell death within hyperthermic stressed cnidarian hosts.

<p>Red X  =  where potential breakdown in pathway activity could occur as a result of reduced expression of cytochrome <i>c</i> and ATPase. Adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039024#pone.0039024-Min1" target="_blank">[58]</a>.</p

Distribution of host mitochondria (Hm) with either normal or degraded integrity and association with normal or degraded symbiotic dinoflagellates (S) in anemones subjected to Hyperthermic Stress Treatment (HTS) compared with control.

<p>Distribution of host mitochondria (Hm) with either normal or degraded integrity and association with normal or degraded symbiotic dinoflagellates (S) in anemones subjected to Hyperthermic Stress Treatment (HTS) compared with control.</p

Proportion of symbiotic dinoflagellates displaying degraded morphology within control and hyperthermic stress treatment expressed as percentage of total observed.

<p>Proportion of symbiotic dinoflagellates displaying degraded morphology within control and hyperthermic stress treatment expressed as percentage of total observed.</p

Electron micrograph showing host anemone cells with symbiont and mitochondria from heat treatment.

<p>(A) Host cells and symbiont, (B) Detachment of host apoptotic cell adjacent to ruptured necrotic cell. Key: Sym  =  Symbiont, DSym  =  Degraded Symbiont, Chl  =  Chloroplast, Hn  =  Host nucleus, Hm  =  Host mitochondria, GA  = Golgi Apparatus, ER  =  Endoplasmic Reticulum, DHm  =  Degraded Host mitochondria, Ab  =  Apoptotic body, NHc  =  Necrotic host cell, DHc  =  Detached Host cell (Scale Bars as shown).</p

Electron micrograph showing host anemone cells and symbiont and specifically mitochondria from control untreated conditions.

<p>(A) Host cells and Symbiont (B) Host cell (C) Early apoptotic host cell defined by degraded mitochondria adjacent to the Golgi Body, a number of membrane- bound bodies containing cell components within the cytosol, nuclear chromatin crescentic cap condensation and perforations of the nuclear envelope. Key: Sym =  Symbiont, Sm  = symbiont mitochondria, Chl  =  Chloroplast, Hn  =  Host nucleus, Hm  =  Host mitochondria, GA  =  Golgi Apparatus, ER  =  Endoplasmic Reticulum DHm  =  Degraded Host mitochondria, Ab  =  Apoptotic body. (Scale Bars as shown).</p

Laser Confocal Microscopy images of <i>Aiptasia pulchella</i> host (Hm) and dinoflagellate symbiont (Sm) mitochondria stained red with mitotracker ™ fluoroprobe.

<p>A) Control; B and C) Thermal stress treated individuals with highlighted expanded windows; D) Host cell caspase activation in thermal stressed individual anemones shown by rhodamine 110 green fluorescence (arrow) and degraded tissue sections induced by 0.5% colchicine incubation as a positive control (E). Scale Bar: 10 µm.</p

Proportion of host mitochondria displaying degraded morphology within control and hyperthermic stress treatment expressed as percentage of total observed.

<p>Proportion of host mitochondria displaying degraded morphology within control and hyperthermic stress treatment expressed as percentage of total observed.</p