Nodes recovered by analyses of the datasets produced by five alignment procedures using parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) algorithms.

<p>Nodes recovered by analyses of the datasets produced by five alignment procedures using parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) algorithms.</p

Distribution of Metriorrhynchini.

<p>All genera of the Australian clade occurring in the Philippines are also present in Sulawesi.</p

Schematic positions of the Gondwanan continents (A) before the origin of Metriorrhynchini, (B) at the time of the basal split, (C) at the time of dispersal to Africa and Madagascar and (D) at the time of dispersal to continental Asia.

<p>Position of continents redrawn from Ali & Aitchison (2008), position of India in Fig. 2D from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067957#pone.0067957-Sniderman1" target="_blank">[47]</a>. Colored areas depict hypothesized ranges of the Afro/Asian and Australian clade; arrows indicate presumed dispersal events.</p

Hypothesized ranges of Metriorrhynchini (A) before the contact of the Australian and Asian continental plates; (B) at time of the dispersal between Sulawesi, Borneo and the Philippines.

<p>Hypothesized ranges of Metriorrhynchini (A) before the contact of the Australian and Asian continental plates; (B) at time of the dispersal between Sulawesi, Borneo and the Philippines.</p

Phylogeography of Poorly Dispersing Net-Winged Beetles: A Role of Drifting India in the Origin of Afrotropical and Oriental Fauna

<div><p>Ancient dispersal history may be obscured by subsequent dispersal events. Therefore, we intend to investigate the biogeography of metriorrhynchine net-winged beetles, a group characterized by limited dispersal propensity. We used DNA data to construct phylogenies and the BayesTraits and RASP programs to identify putative ancestral areas. Further, we inferred ultrametric trees to estimate the ages of selected nodes. The time frame is inferred from tectonic calibrations and the general mutation rate of the mitochondrial genes. Metriorrhynchini consists of two lineages with Afro/Oriental and Australian distributions. The basal lineages originated in Eastern Gondwana after the split of Australia, India and Madagascar; the Afrotropical and Madagascar Metriorrhynchini separated from the Oriental clades 65 and 62 mya. Several already diversified lineages colonized continental Asia 55–35 mya. A few genera of the Australian clade dispersed to the Oriental region 5–15 mya and reached Eastern India and Southern China. Only <i>Xylobanus</i> crossed the Makassar Strait to Sulawesi and does not occur further to the east. The current distribution of Metriorrhynchini is a result of drifting on continental fragments and over-sea dispersal events limited to a few hundreds of kilometers. We conclude that: (1) Afrotropical and Madagascar lineages originated independently from dispersal events during India's drift to the north and the Mozambique Channel completely isolates the respective faunas since then; (2) Oriental fauna is a recently established mixture of the Indian and Australian lineages, with predominance of the older Indian clades; (3) The fauna of islands located north of Australia colonized Sulawesi after collision with the Sundaland margin and the species rich Australian lineages did not reach Western Wallacea or the Philippines. Our results suggest an impact of subtle differences in biological characteristics on biogeographic history of individual lineages, when mostly lowland and flower-visiting lineages were able to disperse across sea channels.</p></div

Estimation of the age of selected nodes inferred from the Bayesian.

*<p>Asterisk designates the nodes used for calibration.</p

alignment_blast

data set of 249 analysed sequences - alignment from BlastAlign 1.2 (under default parameters

alignment_muscle

data set of 249 analysed sequences - alignment from Muscle 3.6 (under the gap opening parameter -600 and gap extension parameter -40

Reconstructed probabilities of nine geographic areas at each of selected nodes of the Bayesian phylogeny.

<p>Selected nodes are designated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067957#pone-0067957-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>. For further clades see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067957#pone.0067957.s006" target="_blank">Tab. S4</a>.</p

Timing of the Metriorrhynchini radiation.

<p>Estimated mean ages of nodes are based on Bayesian analysis of all fragments under the relaxed molecular clock model and the root calibrated at 77.7 mya. The bars depict 95% confidence intervals; the numbers at the branches designate clades listed in Tab. 2.</p