Functional expression of the GABA A receptor α2 and α3 subunits at synapses between intercalated medial paracapsular neurons of mouse amygdala

In the amygdala, GABAergic neurons in the intercalated medial paracapsular cluster (Imp) have been suggested to play a key role in fear learning and extinction. These neurons project to the central (CE) amygdaloid nucleus and to other areas within and outside the amygdala. In addition, they give rise to local collaterals that innervate other neurons in the Imp. Several drugs, including benzodiazepines (BZ), are allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors. BZ has both anxiolytic and sedative actions, which are mediated through GABA A receptors containing α2/α3 and α1 subunits, respectively. To establish whether α1 or α2/α3 subunits are expressed at Imp cell synapses, we used paired recordings of anatomically identified Imp neurons and high resolution immunocytochemistry in the mouse. We observed that a selective α3 subunit agonist, TP003 (100 nM), significantly increased the decay time constant of the unitary IPSCs. A similar effect was also induced by zolpidem (10 μM) or by diazepam (1 μM). In contrast, lower doses of zolpidem (0.1-1 μM) did not significantly alter the kinetics of the unitary IPSCs. Accordingly, immunocytochemical experiments established that the α2 and α3, but not the α1 subunits of the GABA A receptors, were present at Imp cell synapses of the mouse amygdala. These results define, for the first time, some of the functional GABA A receptor subunits expressed at synapses of Imp cells. The data also provide an additional rationale to prompt the search of GABA A receptor α3 selective ligands as improved anxiolytic drugs. © 2012 Geracitano, Fischer, Kasugai, Ferraguti and Capogna

Исследование экстракции меди из водных растворов в виде оксихинолината меди бензолом методом планирования эксперимента

Используется метод планирования эксперимента для нахождения оптимальных условий экстракции меди бензолом в виде оксихинолината меди. Параметром оптимизации служил коэффициент извлечения меди, варьируемые факторы - рН раствора, концентрация оксихинолината в бензоле, время экстракции. Получено уравнение регрессии, найдены оптимальные условия. Приведены условия серий опытов, матрицы планирования и результаты опытов

Influence of Turbidity on Fish School Behavior of Plecoglossus Altivelis Altivelis in Static Water

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchive

Regeneration of Bone- and Tendon/Ligament-Like Tissues Induced by Gene Transfer of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-12 in a Rat Bone Defect

Members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family have diverse physiological roles. For instance, BMP-2 stimulates osteogenesis, while BMP-12 induces the formation of tendon/ligament-like tissues. Here, we designed a study to determine whether BMP-12 has bone and/or cartilage regeneration abilities similar to those of BMP-2. We implanted plasmid vectors encoding either BMP-2 or BMP-12 in rats with femur defects, and monitored the bone healing process for 8-weeks. The BMP-12 transgene induced prominent fibrogenesis by 2 weeks, with bone substitution occurring by 8 weeks. BMP-2, however, was associated predominantly with osteogenesis throughout the 8 week period. Thus, we conclude that BMP-12 does not function similarly to BMP-2 during bone healing. Further work is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which it stimulates bony growths to replace the connective tissues formed during the first stages of bone healing

Hippocampal Theta Input to the Amygdala Shapes Feedforward Inhibition to Gate Heterosynaptic Plasticity

The dynamic interactions between hippocampus and amygdala are critical for emotional memory. Theta synchrony between these structures occurs during fear memory retrieval and may facilitate synaptic plasticity, but the cellular mechanisms are unknown. We report that interneurons of the mouse basal amygdala are activated during theta network activity or optogenetic stimulation of ventral CA1 pyramidal cell axons, whereas principal neurons are inhibited. Interneurons provide feedforward inhibition that transiently hyperpolarizes principal neurons. However, synaptic inhibition attenuates during theta frequency stimulation of ventral CA1 fibers, and this broadens excitatory postsynaptic potentials. These effects are mediated by GABAB receptors and change in the Cl- driving force. Pairing theta frequency stimulation of ventral CA1 fibers with coincident stimuli of the lateral amygdala induces long-term potentiation of lateral-basal amygdala excitatory synapses. Hence, feedforward inhibition, known to enforce temporal fidelity of excitatory inputs, dominates hippocampus-amygdala interactions to gate heterosynaptic plasticity. Video Abstract: Hippocampal-amygdala interactions are critical for emotional memory, but the cellular mechanisms are unknown. In this paper, Bazelot, Bocchio et al. functionally demonstrate that GABAergic neurons of the basal amygdala gate principal neuron firing and heterosynaptic plasticity in the mouse amygdala

Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma in the Retroperitoneum in an Atomic Bomb Survivor: Report of a Case

A 76-year-old Japanese man was admitted to Kosei-Nenkin Hospital (Osaka, Japan) in November 2006; his chief complaint was a 10-kg loss in body weight over 3 months prior to admission. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed three masses in the retroperitoneum. The patient subsequently underwent surgery. The final histopathological diagnosis of tumors 1 and 2 was malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the retroperitoneum, and tumor 3 was a well-differentiated liposarcoma. By the presence of the liposarcoma, tumor 1 and 2 were thought to be the dedifferentiated areas of liposarcomas. At the age of 16, the patient had been exposed to radiation from the atomic bomb at Hiroshima towards the end of the Second World War. We postulate that in this case, radiation from the atomic bomb may have played an important role in the development of the sarcomas