7,058 research outputs found

    Direct CP violation in two-body hadronic charmed meson decays

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    Motivated by the recent observation of CP violation in the charm sector by LHCb, we study direct CP asymmetries in the standard model (SM) for the singly Cabibbo-suppressed two-body hadronic decays of charmed mesons using the topological-diagram approach. In this approach, the magnitude and the phase of topological weak annihilation amplitudes which arise mainly from final-state rescattering can be extracted from the data. Consequently, direct CP asymmetry adir(tree)a_{dir}^{\rm (tree)} at tree level can be reliably estimated. In general, it lies in the range 10−4<adir(tree)<10−310^{-4}<a_{dir}^{\rm (tree)}<10^{-3}. Short-distance QCD penguins and penguin annihilation are calculated using QCD factorization. Their effects are generally small, especially for D→VPD\to VP modes. Since weak penguin annihilation receives long-distance contributions from the color-allowed tree amplitude followed by final-state rescattering, it is expected to give the dominant contribution to the direct CP violation in the decays D0→K+K−D^0\to K^+K^- and D0→π+π−D^0\to \pi^+\pi^- in which adir(tree)a_{dir}^{\rm (tree)} is absent. The maximal ΔaCPdir\Delta a_{CP}^{\rm dir}, the direct CP asymmetry difference between the above-mentioned two modes, allowed in the SM is around -0.25%, more than 2σ2\sigma away from the current world average of −(0.645±0.180)-(0.645\pm 0.180)%.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures; typos correcte

    Maximum Likelihood Estimation in Gaussian Chain Graph Models under the Alternative Markov Property

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    The AMP Markov property is a recently proposed alternative Markov property for chain graphs. In the case of continuous variables with a joint multivariate Gaussian distribution, it is the AMP rather than the earlier introduced LWF Markov property that is coherent with data-generation by natural block-recursive regressions. In this paper, we show that maximum likelihood estimates in Gaussian AMP chain graph models can be obtained by combining generalized least squares and iterative proportional fitting to an iterative algorithm. In an appendix, we give useful convergence results for iterative partial maximization algorithms that apply in particular to the described algorithm.Comment: 15 pages, article will appear in Scandinavian Journal of Statistic

    Statistical distinguishability between unitary operations

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    The problem of distinguishing two unitary transformations, or quantum gates, is analyzed and a function reflecting their statistical distinguishability is found. Given two unitary operations, U1U_1 and U2U_2, it is proved that there always exists a finite number NN such that U1⊗NU_1^{\otimes N} and U2⊗NU_2^{\otimes N} are perfectly distinguishable, although they were not in the single-copy case. This result can be extended to any finite set of unitary transformations. Finally, a fidelity for one-qubit gates, which satisfies many useful properties from the point of view of quantum information theory, is presented.Comment: 6 pages, REVTEX. The perfect distinguishability result is extended to any finite set of gate

    Interplay between distribution of live cells and growth dynamics of solid tumours

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    Experiments show that simple diffusion of nutrients and waste molecules is not sufficient to explain the typical multilayered structure of solid tumours, where an outer rim of proliferating cells surrounds a layer of quiescent but viable cells and a central necrotic region. These experiments challenge models of tumour growth based exclusively on diffusion. Here we propose a model of tumour growth that incorporates the volume dynamics and the distribution of cells within the viable cell rim. The model is suggested by in silico experiments and is validated using in vitro data. The results correlate with in vivo data as well, and the model can be used to support experimental and clinical oncology

    Free energies of crystalline solids: a lattice-switch Monte Carlo method

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    We present a method for the direct evaluation of the difference between the free energies of two crystalline structures, of different symmetry. The method rests on a Monte Carlo procedure which allows one to sample along a path, through atomic-displacement-space, leading from one structure to the other by way of an intervening transformation that switches one set of lattice vectors for another. The configurations of both structures can thus be sampled within a single Monte Carlo process, and the difference between their free energies evaluated directly from the ratio of the measured probabilities of each. The method is used to determine the difference between the free energies of the fcc and hcp crystalline phases of a system of hard spheres.Comment: 5 pages Revtex, 3 figure
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