9 research outputs found

    Methods of leaching contaminants from mineral waste in the aspect of its potential utilization in hydrotechnical construction

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    Grup臋 odpad贸w mineralnych stanowi膮 m.in. popio艂y lotne i 偶u偶le z elektrowni spalaj膮cych w臋giel kamienny i brunatny. Obecnie jeszcze oko艂o 40% popio艂贸w lotnych jest gromadzona na sk艂adowiskach. Lokowanie popio艂贸w na nie izolowanych od pod艂o偶a sk艂adowiskach powoduje wymywanie do gleb i w贸d gruntowych rozpuszczalnych substancji chemicznych w nich zawartych. Dlatego te偶 wa偶ne jest prowadzenie bada艅 nad wymywalno艣ci膮 sk艂adnik贸w rozpuszczalnych z popio艂贸w i ich rozprzestrzenianiem si臋 w 艣rodowisku. Aby ograniczy膰 powierzchniowe sk艂adowanie popio艂贸w, wci膮偶 poszukuje si臋 nowych mo偶liwo艣ci gospodarczego ich wykorzystania, co wymaga dobrej i poprzedzonej badaniami znajomo艣ci ich sk艂adu fizykochemicznego, w艂a艣ciwo艣ci i podatno艣ci na dalsz膮 przer贸bk臋 wg r贸偶nych technologii oraz zachowa艅 w zetkni臋ciu z r贸偶nymi czynnikami zewn臋trznymi. Wykorzystywanie UPS do wytwarzana beton贸w, wyrob贸w i materia艂贸w budowlanych wymaga przeprowadzenia bada艅 promieniotw贸rczo艣ci i zawarto艣ci metali ci臋偶kich ze wzgl臋du na konieczno艣膰 ochrony zdrowia ludzi. W ostatnich latach w coraz szerszym zakresie stosuje si臋 odpady energetyczne jako sk艂adnik spoiw mieszanych przydatnych do wykonywania ulepszonego pod艂o偶a zw艂aszcza przy stosowaniu cement贸w z dodatkami UPS w budownictwie hydrotechnicznym, budowie uszczelnie艅 oraz do podsadzki, wype艂niania zrob贸w i profilaktyki przeciwpo偶arowej w podziemiach kopal艅. Wp艂yw lokowania popio艂贸w w wyrobiskach g贸rniczych jest oceniany na podstawie opinii hydrogeologicznej w rejonie lokowania oraz test贸w wymywalno艣ci podstawowych sk艂adnik贸w zanieczyszcze艅 z odpad贸w Celem prezentowanych bada艅 by艂o poznanie dynamiki proces贸w 艂ugowania sk艂adnik贸w rozpuszczalnych z popio艂贸w lotnych z w臋gla kamiennego oraz okre艣lenie wp艂ywu wymywanych substancji na 艣rodowisko wodne. Pe艂n膮 ocen臋 wp艂ywu na 艣rodowisko sporz膮dzono wykorzystuj膮c obowi膮zuj膮ce regulacje prawne (w tym Prawa Geologicznego i G贸rniczego, Ustawy o odpadach oraz wykonawczych akt贸w prawnych do niej).The research conducted in static and dynamic conditions was aimed at determining the vulnerability of soluble compounds contained in ashes to leaching with the objective to define the quantity and type of contaminants which may affect soil, ground and surface waters in the case of ash utilization or disposal on land surface. Silica, aluminum and iron oxides are the basic compounds of fly ashes while calcium, magnesium, potassium as well as other oxides occur in significantly less amounts. Taking into account the chemical composition recalculated into SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, SO3, the following 3 categories of ashes have been recognized in Poland: silica, aluminum and calcium ashes. Solubility tests of the Polish fly-ashes showed that depending on the ash category, 0,5% (aluminium ashes) up to 10% and more (calcium ash) of their mass may dissolve in water. In different conditions of the leaching processes, the vulnerability of fly ashes to the release water soluble compounds contained in them may vary. The main substances leached from the analyzed ashes ( in descending order) were sulphates, calcium, sodium and chloride ions, while the trace elements included chromium, cadmium and lead. The leachability of other elements was insignificant. Eluates from the investigated fly-ashes were characterised by an elevated reaction and the content of some ions (SO4 -2, Cr3+, Cd2+, Pb2+) exceeding the permissible concentrations compared to the standards for wastewater discharged to waters or soil, which in consequence may lead to a negative impact on the water environment in the vicinity of the disposal sites. A comprehensive environmental impact analysis has been made based on the effective legal regulations (including Geological and Mining Law, Waste Act and its executive regulations). Doubts have been raised if determining the potential risk to the environment based on the leachability test is sufficient as it does not reflect the volume of the leached substances under natural conditions. Tests conducted in dynamic conditions showed that the total load of the leached substances was significantly higher compared to the leachability test data. The dynamic method (alternative I and II) simulates the course of the leaching processes taking place in natural conditions and allows foreseeing the concentration distribution the leached contaminants in a given time. The conducted research proved the real-time dynamic leaching method more reliable in conducting a preliminary environmental impact assessment. Also as a result of the studies the thesis has been confirmed that fly ashes are vulnerable to the release of soluble compounds contained in them and thus show some negative tendencies in their impact on the environment. Disposal of fly ashes in landfills or their underground storage in mines may cause degradation of surface and groundwaters due to the penetration of the leachable compounds from waste in the areas of its disposa

    Natural usage of bottom sediments on the base of existing law rules

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    Wyniki przeprowadzonych bada艅 metali ci臋偶kich pozwalaj膮 zakwalifikowa膰 trzy spo艣r贸d pi臋ciu badanych osad贸w dennych jako mo偶liwe do przyrodniczego wykorzystania na glebach u偶ytkowanych rolniczo lub glebach teren贸w przemys艂owych. Osady z Kana艂u Wi艅skiego (OS I) oraz ze zbiornika 艣r贸dpolnego (OS II) mog膮 by膰 z powodzeniem stosowane do nawo偶enia organicznego gleb. Jednak dwa kolejne badane osady zawieraj膮 ponadnormatywne ilo艣ci metali (cynku, kadmu i o艂owiu) co eliminuje je z zastosowania nawozowego. Jednak zawarto艣膰 pestycyd贸w eliminuje wszystkie badane osady (za wyj膮tkiem pr贸b OS 0) z u偶ycia do zabieg贸w nawo偶enia gleb uprawnych z uwagi na znaczne przekroczenia dopuszczalnych st臋偶e艅 DDT i jego metabolit贸w oraz g-HCH, aldryny i endryny. Natomiast osady OS I i OS II mog膮 by膰 stosowane na glebach teren贸w uprzemys艂owionych. W zwi膮zku z tym ka偶da partia osadu dennego, nawet ze zbiornik贸w nara偶onych na antropopresj臋 w niewielkim stopniu, powinna by膰 szczeg贸艂owo zbadana przed zastosowaniem nawozowym. Dzia艂anie takie umo偶liwia szczeg贸艂owe wskazanie terenu, na kt贸rym mog膮 by膰 stosowane lub podj臋cie decyzji o zaniechaniu wykorzystania takiego materia艂u. Podobnie post臋puje si臋 z pozosta艂o艣ci膮 po fermentacji metanowej, kt贸ra ma by膰 wykorzystana jako naw贸z. Aby poszerzy膰 mo偶liwo艣ci wykorzystania osad贸w dennych do cel贸w nawozowych konieczna by艂aby zmiana przepis贸w poprzez w艂膮czenie osad贸w do grupy nawoz贸w naturalnych, oraz opracowanie dopuszczalnych st臋偶e艅 zanieczyszcze艅 organicznych oraz nieorganicznych.This paper attempts to assess the quality of sediments derived from surface water, in order to assess their suitability for use as fertilizers or as material for ground reclamation procedures. Bottom sediments contain high amounts of organic matter and this base could be a potential source of easily accessible nutrients and organic matter, which could increase the water capacity of soil and moreover contribute to the stabilization of soil pH. The studied sediments came mostly from small water reservoirs (small lakes and canals) supplied by rainwater. Sample OS 0 (shown as "reference sample") was taken from small reservoir with small forest catchment area. Samples OS I - OS IV were exposed to the impact of: agriculture, rainwater coming from industrial areas, non-ferrous met-al smelter and rainwater from city recreational areas. All samples were taken by Eckman-Birge sediment sampler. In the studied samples basic parameters for general characterization (pH, organic matter content, hydration) were defined. The main investigated parameters include heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides content, both of which are required for the analysis according to the polish law, enactment 2002 No. 165 pos.1359. The studied bottom sediments, although originated from different reservoirs, were organic and all belong to gytia sediment type. High amounts of organic matter in all examined samples allowed the comparison of recorded concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides. One of the tested samples was different - sediment OS III. This sample was contaminated with petroleum compounds originating from the maneuver yard from industry plant. Obtained results indicates the high contents of heavy metal in samples exposed to industrial effluents and metal smelter. In this case, such deposits cannot be applied as fertilizers on agricultural soils. The content of pesticides in the studied sediments was high and all tested samples (except "reference? sample OS 0), showed supranormal quantities. On this basis, the test samples OS I - IV OS are not suitable for the use on natural soils used for agriculture, but the first two investigated sediments (OS I OS II) can be used on soils of industrialized areas. In the group of chlorinated pesticides, in tested samples high concentrations of DDT and g-HCH compounds were recorded. The use of sediments as fertilizers, materials for improving soil parameters, or for ground reclamation is increasing, due to decreasing amounts of good quality organic fertilizers (e.g. manure) and difficulty in saving utilization sediments from dredging water reservoirs. The reported results indicate the real possibility of using bottom sediments as organic fertilizers, especially when they came from small reservoirs or lakes with uncontaminated catchment areas

    Possibilities of application of compost from waste for remove c6-c9 aliphatic hydrocarbons from solution

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    Badane w艂a艣ciwo艣ci sorpcyjne kompostu MD i sorbent贸w do-st臋pnych komercyjnie (SO oraz MI) s膮 zr贸偶nicowane. Na podstawie uzyskanych rezultat贸w najlepszymi w艂asno艣ciami charakteryzuje si臋 sorbent SO przeznaczony do sorpcji zanieczyszcze艅 ropopochodnych z powierzchni wody. Jego w艂asno艣ci hydrofobowe predestynuj膮 go do tego rodzaju zastosowania, jednak jak wykazano jest r贸wnie偶 skuteczny w przypadku sorpcji badanych alkan贸w rozpuszczonych i pozostaj膮cych w fazie zawieszonej w roztworze wodnym. Jednak z uwagi na to i偶 produkowany jest z surowc贸w nieodnawialnych jego zastosowanie powinno by膰 kontrolowane. Najs艂absze w艂asno艣ci sorpcyjne wykazywa艂 sorbent mineralny MI. Po czasie kontaktu wynosz膮cym 4 godziny usun膮艂 73,3% mieszaniny w臋glowodor贸w z roztworu. Masa sorbowanych zwi膮zk贸w spada艂a w szeregu heksan > heptan > oktan > nonan. Badane sorbenty w znacznym stopniu powodowa艂y spadek st臋偶e艅 w臋glowodor贸w alifa-tycznych rozpuszczonych w wodzie, co mo偶e stanowi膰 o ich wykorzy-staniu jako 艣rodk贸w ograniczaj膮cych skutki przedostawania si臋 zanieczyszcze艅 ropopochodnych do 艣rodowiska naturalnego. Dodatkowym atutem przemawiaj膮cym za stosowaniem badanego kompostu MD jako sorbentu, jest niska cena oraz poprzez generowanie popytu na kompost, ograniczanie ilo艣ci biodegradowalnej frakcji odpad贸w komunalnych trafiaj膮cej na sk艂adowiska.Sorption of petroleum products (mostly liquid fuels) is the basic process that counteracts to the spreading of this type of pollution in the natural envi-ronment. Composts from wastes are currently being used as biofilters which eliminate organic compounds (mainly odors) from the air stream. The present study investigates the possibility of using compost, produced from mixed mu-nicipal waste, as sorbent for the absorption of aliphatic hydrocarbons C6-C9 from aqueous solution, and its features are compared to commercially available mineral and organic sorbents. Analysis of the basic parameters of the tested materials, showed high content of the organic matter (99%) in the sorbent SO and high share of small fraction particles in this material. The combination of these two features, constitutes its large sorption capacity. Mineral sorbent (MI) with low organic matter content (below 1%) is also applied in practice to absorb petroleum products, however, only from solid surfaces. In this study the sorption of the following aliphatic hydrocarbons: hexane, heptane, octane and non-ane by 'batch' method was investigated. The study was conducted at room temperature and distilled water prior to experiments was used to prepare the solu-tions of tested compounds. The concentrations of hydrocarbons dissolved in water in real conditions, can be much higher due to coexistence of a detergent-like compounds, but in this work compounds that increase the solubility of in-vestigated alkanes in water were not used. However, it is necessary to state that the concentrations of tested compounds, noted in aqueous solution, exceeds the solubility level of these compounds in water. This indicates their presence in water not only in a soluble form but also as a suspension. In the study the ratio of sorbent to solution was 1:10. The concentrations of tested aliphatic were determined in the aqueous phase after 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. The obtained samples were filtered through glass filter and then extracted by shaking with dichloromethane. The eluatewas dried and then tested, aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined by GC-FID method. The conducted experiments showed strong absorption of studied organic pollutants from aqueous solution. Tests showed the best sorption properties of absorbing SO sorbent, which after 240 minutes sorbed 95.1% of organic compounds, and then compost MD (with 92.6% sorption efficiency). The worst sorption properties has sorbent MI - ob-tained results showed only 73.3% elimination of a mixture of aliphatic com-pounds from solution. Mass of sorbed compounds declined in the following order: hexane> heptane> octane> nonane. Tested sorbents, lead to a significant decrease of aliphatic hydrocarbons concentrations present in suspended and dissolved phase in water. It creates the real possibility of using them as a materials for limiting the effects of spreading oil products in the environment. Using compost for the absorption of fuel could be an opportunity to use compost which was eliminated while being used as fertilizer eg. due to its contamination by heavy metals

    Possibilities of utilisation of organic and mineral waste according to rules of environment protection

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    Podnoszenie standard贸w 偶ycia oraz rozw贸j gospodarczy powoduj膮 powstawanie du偶ej ilo艣ci odpad贸w wywo艂uj膮cych cz臋sto negatywne skutki w naturalnym 艣rodowisku cz艂owieka. Zar贸wno polityka mi臋dzynarodowa jak i dzia艂ania podejmowane przez pa艅stwa na w艂asnym terytorium coraz szerzej ukierunkowane s膮 na opracowanie i wdro偶enie takich mechanizm贸w dzia艂ania, kt贸re pozwol膮 zmniejszy膰 艂adunek zanieczyszcze艅 degraduj膮cych 艣rodowisko naturalne [13]. Polski przemys艂 energetyczny opieraj膮cy si臋 g艂贸wnie na spalaniu w臋gli corocznie generuje miliony ton ubocznych produkt贸w spalania. Obecnie istnieje wiele mo偶liwo艣ci zagospodarowania popio艂贸w lotnych, kt贸re dominuje nad unieszkodliwianiem ich poprzez sk艂adowanie, np. w latach 2003梅2008 w 90% by艂y one gospodarczo wykorzystane [8, 11].The following research examines susceptibility to leaching of soluble components from ash-sludge pellets obtained from municipal sewage sludge and fly-ash from brown coal. Pellets are often used as fertilizer, therefore they were enriched with potassium using potassium chloride and sulphate in the amount of 450 g of potassium per kg dw of pellets. Susceptibility to leaching of soluble components in water was examined by 1 and 3-step tests. The obtained water extracts were characterised by an alkaline pH, high electrical conductivity, content of nitrogen and o-phosphates, as well as copper and zinc. Results from both leaching tests show that the biggest pollutants load was leached from pellets modified by K2SO4, and the lowest pollutant were leached from unmodified pellets; the total amount of leached pollutants from pellets determined by the three-step test was much higher than the amount of pollutants determined in the one-step test; the highest amount of trace metals were determined in eluates from ash-sludge pellets modified by K2SO4. Pellets described in the paper cannot be used as an organic-mineral fertilizer, but further studies are conducted on modifying their composition to ensure the gradual leaching of the desired components to limit the threat to the environment

    Migration of PAHs from unsealed landfill to groundwaters

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    Odpady komunalne deponowane na sk艂adowiskach stanowi膮 potencjalne zagro偶enie dla 艣rodowiska w贸d podziemnych. [6]. Jednak w przypadku stosowania wsp贸艂czesnych uszczelnie艅 to zagro偶enie jest minimalizowane. Powstaj膮ce odcieki kt贸re s膮 zwykle znacznie obci膮偶one zar贸wno zwi膮zkami nieorganicznymi jak i organicznymi [11], s膮 usuwane poza obr臋b sk艂adowiska i poddawane oczyszczaniu. Jednak gdy miejsca sk艂adowania nie uszczelniono, odcieki sk艂adowiskowe gromadz膮ce si臋 w sp膮gu sk艂adowiska mog膮 przenika膰 w g艂膮b gruntu, stanowi膮c powa偶ne obci膮偶enie w贸d podziemnych. Szczeg贸lnie istotne jest to w przypadku ska艂 sp臋kanych i skawernowanych. Wielopier艣cieniowe w臋glowodory aromatyczne (WWA) s膮 zanieczyszczeniem szeroko rozpowszechnionym i wyst臋puj膮 w mieszaninie we wszystkich komponentach 艣rodowiska [1, 3, 10]. WWA wraz z innymi zwi膮zkami organicznymi wyst臋puj膮cymi w odciekach sk艂adowiskowych maj膮 swoje 藕r贸d艂o w materia艂ach zdeponowanych na sk艂adowisku jak r贸wnie偶 powstaj膮 w czasie rozk艂adu materii organicznej zawartej w odpadach [2, 7梅9]. W臋glowodory te jakkolwiek s艂abo rozpuszczalne w wodzie, mog膮 jednak przemieszcza膰 si臋 w tym 艣rodowisku z uwagi na to i偶 inne zwi膮zki organiczne wsp贸艂wyst臋puj膮ce w odciekach pe艂ni膮 niejako rol臋 rozpuszczalnik贸w [10]. Zwi膮zki te zawarte w wodach podziemnych kt贸re mog膮 by膰 wykorzystywane jako wody pitne, ze wzgl臋du na swoje mutagenne oddzia艂ywanie stanowi膮 zagro偶enie dla zdrowia ludzi. Celem prowadzonych bada艅 by艂o okre艣lenie migracji wielopier艣cieniowych w臋glowodor贸w aromatycznych zawartych w wodach odciekowych sk艂adowiska odpad贸w do poziom贸w w贸d podziemnych wyst臋puj膮cych w obszarze jego oddzia艂ywania.Municipal wastes deposited on landfills make up the potential threat for the environment of underground waters. However this threat is minimalized in the case of applying modern sealing. Leachate, forming in the landfill, usually contain high load of both inorganic and organic compounds, and are removed beyond area of landfill and subjected to treatment. However when landfill was not sealed up, landfill leachate gathering in the bottom may penetrate through the ground, making up the serious threat for underground waters. It is particularly essential in the case of cracked and cavernous rocks. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread pollution and they occur in the mixture in all components of the environment. PAHs together with other organic compounds contained in leachate from landfill have their source in materials deposited in landfills and they also are formed during decomposition of organic matter contained in wastes. These hydrocarbons are hardly solvable in water, but they however may move in this environment because of other organic compounds occurring in leachate function as solvents so to say. These compounds contained in underground waters which can be used as drinking waters, because of their mutagenic properties make up threat for human health. Monitoring of piezometric water lead to control of landfill tightness and estimate of potential hazards for groundwater. In case of no existing sealing lead to read of impact of leachate on groundwater. Organic compounds contained in wastes are often toxic and lead to decrease of quality groundwater. In the examined landfill area there are two levels of groundwater - turonian and cenomanian. This paper presents results of three analyses of water from landfill piezometers and piezometers localized on inflow and outflow on two levels of groundwater. Analysis of PAHs concentration, indicated a great load of those substances to groundwaters from landfill. Great exceeds of PAHs standards shown load of ground water by landfill leachate. In 1997 short after big flood PAHs concentrations were relatively high from 3.324 in inflow water, to 9.03 啪g/dm3 in outflow of turonian level. After nine years PAHs concentrations dropped to 0.33 in inflow to 1.71 啪g/dm3 in outflow. In cenomanian level during first period of researches PAHs content was high (8.54 啪g/dm3), but in the second period concentrations were over 8 times lower than in first period (0.73-1.08 啪g/dm3), but equal or higher than in turonian water. It shows on a possible hydraulic connection between both water levels

    Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation during compost maturation process

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    Regulacje prawne Unii Europejskiej i Polski zmuszaj膮 do reorganizacji gospodarki odpadami w Polsce. Mi臋dzy innymi wskazuj膮 konieczno艣膰 ograniczenia sk艂adowania odpad贸w kt贸re ulegaj膮 biodegradacji. Do dnia 31 grudnia 2010 roku ich ilo艣膰 nie mo偶e przekroczy膰 75% masy tych odpad贸w wytworzonych i sk艂adowanych w roku 1995 (ustawa o odpadach z dnia 27 kwietnia 2001). Z drugiej jednak strony komposty wytwarzane z odpad贸w komunalnych nie maj膮 szerokiego rynku zbytu z uwagi na ograniczenia wynikaj膮ce z zawartych w nich zanieczyszcze艅 przekraczaj膮cych wymogi m.in. ustawy o nawozach i nawo偶eniu (z dnia 10 lipca 2007). Zanieczyszczenia organiczne (w tym tak偶e PAHs) zawarte w produkowanych kompostach limituj膮 przepisy obowi膮zuj膮ce w Austrii (6 mg/kg s.m.), Danii (3 mg/kg s.m.) i Luksemburgu (10 mg/kg s.m.) [10]. S膮 one trwa艂ymi zanieczyszczeniami wyst臋puj膮cymi we wszystkich komponentach 艣rodowiska przyrodniczego. PAHs mog膮 by膰 one pochodzenia naturalnego lub antropogenicznego (m.in. rozk艂ad materii organicznej i procesy spalania), a ich st臋偶enie szczeg贸lnego znaczenia nabiera w przypadku gdy w 艂a艅cuchu pokarmowym docieraj膮 do organizmu cz艂owieka [15, 18]. Czy zatem w procesie kompostowania ich ilo艣膰 PAHs nie przekracza ww. norm eliminuj膮c tym samym kompost jako naw贸z. Wytwarzany jest tak偶e z odpad贸w organicznych zbieranych selektywnie lub zmieszanych, zawiera znaczne ilo艣ci cennej materii organicznej, kt贸ra poprawia struktur臋 gleb i ich zasobno艣膰 w biomas臋. Jednak na jako艣膰 wytwarzanego kompostu ma wp艂yw kilka istotnych czynnik贸w, gdzie kluczowym zagadnieniem wydaje si臋 by膰 wst臋pna segregacja odpad贸w z wydzieleniem frakcji biodegradowalnej. Coraz powszechniejsze staje si臋 kompostowanie odpad贸w komunalnych, co przyczynia si臋 do graniczenia ilo艣ci deponowanych na sk艂adowiskach odpad贸w a tak偶e w przypadku kompostowni indywidualnych do obni偶enia koszt贸w sk艂adowania [16]. W trakcie procesu kompostowania odpad贸w dominuj膮 dwa prowadzone na drodze mikrobiologicznej procesy: mineralizacji oraz humifikacji materii organicznej zawartej pierwotnie w odpadach [22]. Kompost wytwarzany w warunkach przydomowych jest zwykle wysokiej jako艣ci i zu偶ywany wy艂膮cznie do cel贸w nawozowych, natomiast kompost produkowany z komunalnych odpad贸w zmieszanych, charakteryzuje si臋 ni偶sz膮 jako艣ci膮, a tak偶e podwy偶szon膮 zawarto艣ci膮 sk艂adnik贸w mog膮cych oddzia艂ywa膰 szkodliwie lub toksycznie takich jak metale ci臋偶kie oraz w臋glowodory. Wa偶nym okresem procesu kompostowania jest jego dojrzewanie przy sta艂ym dost臋pie powietrza atmosferycznego. W przypadku zbytniego rozdrobnienia oraz nadmiernego uwilgotnienia dojrzewaj膮cej masy migracja tlenu jest utrudniona, co prowadzi lokalnie do powstania warunk贸w anaerobowych i do zagniwania kompostu z wytworzeniem gaz贸w fermentacyjnych. Beztlenowy rozk艂ad materii organicznej zawartej w dojrzewaj膮cym kompo艣cie mo偶e skutkowa膰 tworzeniem w臋glowodor贸w, a w tym zwi膮zk贸w toksycznych, takich jak PAHs [13, 20]. Wielopier艣cieniowe w臋glowodory aromatyczne (PAHs) wyst臋puj膮 powszechnie w 艣rodowisku przyrodniczym [1, 7, 17, 19]. Mog膮 by膰 one pochodzenia antropogennego (g艂贸wnie procesy spalania) oraz naturalnego (wybuchy wulkan贸w) [20, 23]. Wyst臋powanie tych zwi膮zk贸w (w nadmiernych ilo艣ciach) w kompostach mo偶e eliminowa膰 je jako potencjalny naw贸z, co stanowi艂oby znaczne trudno艣ci ze zbytem wyprodukowanego materia艂u. Jakkolwiek w臋glowodory te s膮 rozk艂adane na drodze mikrobiologicznej b膮d藕 fotochemicznej, to jednak niekt贸re z nich, zw艂aszcza pi臋cio i sze艣ciopier艣cieniowe, wykazuj膮 znaczn膮 odporno艣膰 na degradacj臋 [25].After law rules existing in Poland it is necessary to minimize amount of biodegradable waste which are stored on municipal landfills. Composts made of municipal solid waste (MSW) are good material for plants fertilization but due to its composition, use of it as fertilizers could lead to soil and plant pollution by heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. In case of high content of organic pollutants as PAHs in compost it is forbidden to use it as fertilizer. According to possibilities of creation PAHs from compost organic matter by microbial decomposition, it is interesting to know a fate of these compounds during compost maturation process. Especially it is interesting life of 5 and 6-ring PAHs - carcinogenic and mutagenic and resistant to microbial degradation. In this work a dynamic of degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during composts maturation by storage in piles was investigated. Two different types compost made from MSW were used. Both types were made of prepared organic fraction of MSW but first comes from compost factory, second from individual house-made compost pile. Long-term (40 days) samples incubation was carried in compost pile. Total PAHs content in the beginning of experiment was high and in Herhof compost (made in upper Silesia region) samples exceed 1mg/kg d.m. but additionally samples were spiked with PAHs solution (LGC Promochem ) on the beginning of experiment. PAHs were analyzed by a GC-FID method (Varian 3800) after 6-hour extraction in DCM-hexane mixture. Total amount of 16 PAHs (after US-EPA list) and each particular compounds were analyzed. The highest amount in samples were noted for 2-ring PAHs. The lowest concentrations were noted for 6-ring PAHs in both investigated compost types. In first stage slow increase of analyzed compounds was observed, especially due to behavior 4-ring PAHs. In second stage of experiment a great decrease of sum of PAHs was noted. Loss of total mass of investigated compounds reached 19-68% of start concentration. However conditions for both compost types were equal differences in speed of decomposition processes were observed but were not significant statistically. In case of Herhof compost two periods of decomposition were observed: between 10 and 20 and between 30 and 40 day of experiment. In case of Gru compost the highest decomposition between 30 and 40 day of experiment was observed. However heavy PAHs are resist on microbial decomposition, good results on this field were obtained. During composts maturation process high level of degradation was noted in case of 5 and 6-ring PAHs reached 33-73% of initial value. Obtained results show good PAHs degradation speed during 40-days compost maturation process in natural conditions. It is necessary to ensure aerobic conditions during compost maturation process

    Mobility of Selected Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge

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    The research was aimed at determining the interaction of municipal sewage sludge with the environment in the aspect of its potential for land applications in agriculture, land reclamation and land adaptation to different uses. Sequential extraction of heavy metals according to Br眉mmer鈥檚 method was used in the study. A detailed interpretation of the data allowed to state that the highest content of copper was found in one of the most mobile bindings (fraction I). For other heavy metals only trace amounts were found in the bindings considered as the most mobile (fraction I-III) which proved less risk posed to the environment. The highest percentage share of heavy metals in the investigated sludge was determined in fractions IV to VII (i.e. in bindings rather unavailable to the ecosystem). It should be highlighted that three out of the seven determined metals were bound in the highest amounts with the organic matter (fraction IV): i.e. Zn 49.97%, Pb 66.58% , Mn 41.91%.; three with silicates (fraction VII): i.e.: Cu 40.60%, Ni 88.58%, Cr 34.33%; and only cadmium was found to be bound (30.29%) with crystalline iron oxides (fraction VI)

    Possibilities of non industrial re-use of waste according to rules of environment protection

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    The aim of this work was to estimate mobility of pollutants contained in ashsludge granulates, expressed by their possibilities of elution by water and by estimating their potential danger to the environment. Materials used in experimental research (one stage leaching tests) was ash-sludge granulates made of two different kinds of waste: fly ashes from brown coal (30%) from 'Be艂chat贸w' Powerplant and communal sewage sludge (70%) from municipal sewage treatment plant in Zabrze (southern Poland). However sewage sludge are an alternative to organic fertilizers (e.g. manure) and nitrogen and phosphorus content is relatively high but potassium concentrations are much less. Tested sewage sludge were modified by various potassium salts, which would improve their fertilizing abilities because potassium is easy-leaching element during sewage treatment. In first part of sewages KCl and in second K2SO4 were used both in load 344 g/kg d.m. Blank tests were carried on unmodified material. One stage leaching test were carried and equilibrium was reached after 24 hours. Water extracts (eluates) were analyzed for presence of nitrogen group compounds, phosphorus, chlorides, sulphates, magnesium, calcium and heavy metals. Also loads of particular compounds were calculated. On the basis of research (leaching test) there has been calculated a load of the pollution that were being washed out in mg/kg dry mass of used granulates. Eluates obtained in one-stage leaching tests had alkaline pH and high EC value which rise with potassium concentrations. In eluates from tested materials some parameters (e.g. ammonium, nitrites, COD, sulphates and potassium) exceed polish limits for sewages discharged to waters and grounds. Especially high were chlorides concentrations (10 times to high) due to KCl content. The highest heavy metals concentrations were observed in eluates from granulates modified by K2SO4 due to lower pH value in comparison to unmodified material. In next step in this researches will be to find optimal balance between fly ash and sewage sludge and use compounds for pH corrections

    The influence of red worms (E. Foetida) on compost鈥檚 fertilizing properties

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    Composting is becoming a more and more common way of biodegradable waste disposal. Composts should be characterized by high content of nutrients and low amount of pollutants. Vermicompost is a compost produced by overpopulated culture of earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny 1826). World scientific literature states that vermicompost has a high fertilizing value which often exceeds such value of conventional composts. The results showed that vermicompost has a much higher fertilizing value than the compost produced by the traditional pile method. However, prism vermicompost created with the participation of a less concentrated population of earthworms has an intermediate value as a fertilizer (nitrogen and heavy metals), it could be assessed as a lower value product due to the lower content of potassium and phosphorus than the material obtained without earthworms
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