Systematics and biogeography of the Dissochaeta alliance (Melastomataceae)

Dissochaeta Blume (Melastomataceae, tribe Dissochaeteae) is well-known as a scrambling plant genus found in Southeast Asia, where it is an inhabitant of the tropical rainforests or evergreen forests.The main objectives of this thesis are to clarify the relationships among species and genera within the Dissochaeta alliance and to provide a new classification, which reflects the evolutionary and biogeographic traits of this plant group. The study focuses on three aspects of the Dissochaetaalliance: the taxonomy, molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography.The Ministry of the Research and Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia; Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Leids Universiteits Fonds, Leiden University; Alberta Mennega Foundatio

A molecular phylogeny of Southeast Asian Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) supports an emerging paradigm for Malesian plant biogeography

The islands of Southeast Asia comprise one of the most geologically and biogeographically complex areas in the world and are a centre of exceptional floristic diversity, harbouring 45,000 species of flowering plants. Cyrtandra, with over 800 species of herbs and shrubs, is the largest genus in the family Gesneriaceae and is one of the most emblematic and species-rich genera of the Malesian rainforest understorey. The high number of species and tendency to narrow endemism make Cyrtandra an ideal genus for examining biogeographic patterns. We sampled 128 Cyrtandra taxa from key localities across Southeast Asia to evaluate the geo-temporal patterns and evolutionary dynamics of this clade. One nuclear and four chloroplast regions were used for phylogenetic reconstruction, molecular dating, and ancestral range estimation. Results from the dating analysis suggest that the great diversity of Cyrtandra seen in the Malesian region results from a recent radiation, with most speciation taking place in the last five million years. Borneo was recovered as the most likely ancestral range of the genus, with the current distribution of species resulting from a west to east migration across Malesia that corresponds with island emergence and mountain building. Lastly, our investigation into the biogeographic history of the genus indicates high levels of floristic exchange between the islands on the Sunda shelf and the important role of the Philippines as a stepping stone to Wallacea and New Guinea. These patterns underlie much of the plant diversity in the region and form an emerging paradigm in Southeast Asian plant biogeography

Historical biogeography of the Southeast Asian and Malesian tribe Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae)

The region of Tropical Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago is a very appealing area for research due to its outstanding biodiversity, being one of the most species-rich areas in the world with high levels of endemism, and due to its complex geological history. The high number of species in tribe Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae) and their tendency to narrow endemism make the tribe an ideal group for examining biogeographic patterns. We sampled 58 accessions spread over 42 accepted and two undescribed species of the Dissochaeteae. Two nuclear (ETS, ITS) and four chloroplast regions (ndhF, psbK-psbL, rbcL, rpl16) were used for divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction. Results from the molecular dating analysis suggest that the diversity of Dissochaeteae in the Southeast Asian region resulted from a South American ancestor in the late Eocene. The ancestor of the Dissochaeteae might have migrated from South America to Southeast Asia via North America and then entered Eurasia over the North Atlantic land bridge during the Eocene. The origin and early diversification of the Dissochaeteae in Southeast Asia dates back to the middle Oligocene, and most of the genera originated during the Miocene. Indochina and Borneo are most likely the area of origin for the most recent common ancestor of the Dissochaeteae and for many of the early diverging clades of some genera within Southeast Asia.NaturalisPlant science

Cyrtandra mollis de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Orient.

23.Cyrtandra mollis de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Orient. 16 (1856). <p> – <i>Rhynchocarpus mollis</i> Reinw. ex de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Orient. 16 (1856), nom. inval.</p> <p> – Type: Indonesia, Celebes [Sulawesi], in sylva montosa, x 1821, <i>Reinwardt</i> mss no. 1546 (lectotype L [L0277511], designated here; isolectotype L [L02775510]).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra vriesii</i> C.B.Clarke in A. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: 237 (1883). – Type. Indonesia, Celebes [Sulawesi], Minahassa, 1 vii 1859, <i>de Vriese & Teijsmann</i> 24 (lectotype L [L0277514], designated here; isolectotype L [L0277513, L0277517, L0277519]). <b>Figure 37.</b></p> <p> Shrub to 4 m in height. <i>Stems</i> striate, hairy, densely so on young growth. <i>Leaves</i> opposite; sometimes in threes, those of a group or pair well developed but somewhat unequal in size; petiole 15–20(–50) mm long, hairy to densely hairy; blades 6–18(–30) × 3–6(–10) cm, elliptic to narrow elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, base acute, briefly decurrent, slightly asymmetrical, margin serrulate, apex acuminate; 10–12 pairs of lateral veins, curving upwards and running out to margin, hairy to densely hairy above and below including midrib and veins. <i>Inflorescences</i> axillary, sessile, 1- or 2-flowered; bracts 10–15 mm long, linear, densely hairy, soon caducous; pedicel 4–5 mm long, densely hairy. <i>Calyx</i> pale green, flushed reddish on lobes to deep red throughout, 12–16 mm long, more or less evenly divided, lobes long-acuminate, 8–10 mm long, or sometimes with lobes strongly adpressed, hairy. <i>Corolla</i> flushed reddish pink along tube, lobes pale yellow with pale guidemarks, appearing almost metallic, 27–38 mm long, tubular, gradually widening to mouth, slightly arcuate, lower and lateral lobes oblong, strongly recurved, c.7 × 6 mm, upper lobe oblong, erect or extending forwards, 6–7 × 4.5–5 mm, mouth oblique, glandular hairy externally and internally on lobes and base of tube. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments 10–15 mm long, attached 14–15 mm from base of corolla, orange brown, glabrous, slightly glandular towards the anthers; anthers brownish, 1.5–2.5 mm long; staminodes 3, lateral staminodes 3–6 mm long, central staminode less than 1 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> 20–32 mm long; disc cupular with undulate margin, c. 1 mm long, glabrous; ovary subglabrous, style glandular hairy; stigma peltate, slightly bilobed, c. 2.5 mm across, exserted from mouth of corolla at maturity. <i>Fruits</i> narrow ovoid to oblong, glabrous except for glandular hairy persistent style, 20–25 × 5 mm, calyx and style persistent.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. North Sulawesi (see <b>Figure 39</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Upland forest at an altitude of 1100–1400 m.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. The epithet <i>mollis</i> means ‘soft’ or ‘pliant’ and possibly refers to the soft indumentum, which is velvety to the touch, or to the soft texture of the leaves.</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. This species has an EOO of 1014 km 2 and an AOO of 32 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). Two of the collections are from within the Mount Ambang Nature Reserve, and therefore their populations should receive some protection (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2019). However, most are from the more densely populated areas around Menado and Tomohon, where there is pressure on upland forest from urban expansion and intensive agriculture (Cannon <i>et al.</i>, 2007). Given its restricted distribution in an area of high population density and mainly lacking formal protection, <i>Cyrtandra mollis</i> is considered to be Vulnerable (VU), B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i>. INDONESIA. <b>North Sulawesi</b>. <i>East Bolaang Mongondow</i>: Mt Ambang Nature Reserve, near Singsingon village, 2 xi 2016, <i>Barber, Atkins, Kartonegoro & Kinho</i> BAKK42 (BO, E); Mt Ambang accessed from Bongkudai Baru village, 3 xi 2016, <i>Barber, Atkins, Kartonegoro & Kinho</i> BAKK52 (BO, E); <i>Manado</i>: Beclang, <i>Unknown collector</i> 5343 (BO, L); Menado, <i>Unknown collector</i> 5562 (BO); <i>Minahasa</i>: 7 i 1895, <i>Koorders</i> 17194β (BO, L); 5 v 1895, <i>Koorders</i> 17181β (BO, L); Tondano, 1923, <i>Kruyff</i> 17 (BO); <i>South Minahasa</i>: Mt Soputan, 11 x 1973, <i>de Vogel</i> 2498 (A, CANB, L); <i>Tomohon</i>: Mt Mahawu, 6 xi 2016, <i>Barber, Atkins, Kartonegoro & Kinho</i> BAKK83 (BO, E); ibid., Wagio crater, 4 vii 1956, <i>Forman</i> 395 (BO, K, L).</p> <p> <b>Sulawesi</b>. <i>de Vriese s.n.</i> (WU).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra mollis</i> is the most densely hairy of the Sulawesi species, with a degree of hairiness reminiscent of that of <i>C. hirtigera</i> H.J.Atkins & Cronk from Palawan and <i>C. villosissima</i> Merr. from Mindanao. The corolla is unusual in Sulawesi with its pale yellow and pink colouring, which appears almost metallic, and the recurved upper lobes. Collections of <i>Cyrtandra mollis</i> from the same population on Mount Ambang (<i>Barber</i> et al. BAKK42 and BAKK52) showed significant variation in the colour of the stems, leaves and calyces from light green to deep red (<b>Figure 37</b> E).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra vriesii</i> C.B.Clarke has been reduced to synonymy here for the first time, following the herbarium annotations of B. L. Burtt. De Vriese cited a Reinwardt collection from 1821 ‘in sylva montosa insulae Celebes’ and the manuscript name and number ‘ <i>Rhynchocarpus mollis</i> mss no 1546’ when he described <i>Cyrtandra mollis</i> (de Vriese, 1856). The Leiden specimen matching these details (L0277511) is selected here as the lectotype of <i>Cyrtandra mollis</i>. Clarke (1883) listed <i>de Vriese & Teijsmann</i> 24 in the Leiden herbarium after his description of <i>Cyrtandra vriesii</i>, and that specimen is selected here as the lectotype for that name.</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 74-76, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt

Cyrtandra rantemarioensis Karton. & R. Bone

30.Cyrtandra rantemarioensis Karton. & R.Bone, Edinburgh J. Bot. 75(2): 26 (2018). <p> – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Mt Rantemario, 5 iii 2000, <i>Mendum</i> et al. 00240 (holotype BO; isotypes E, L). <b>Figure 48</b> <b>.</b></p> <p> Branching subshrub to 2 m in height, often much shorter. <i>Stems</i> striate, greenish brown, glabrate, sparsely hairy on young growth. <i>Leaves</i> opposite, sometimes clustered at the ends of the stems, more or less equal; petioles 1.5–2 cm long, sparsely hairy; blades 8–20 × 1.8–5 cm, narrow oblong to oblanceolate, base acute, briefly decurrent, margin serrate, apex short acuminate; 5 or 6 pairs of lateral veins, tertiary venation loosely reticulate, mid to dark green, somewhat marbled and subglabrous to sparsely hairy above, much paler and flushed purple and subglabrous below, very sparsely hairy on midrib and veins. <i>Inflorescences</i> trailing from the base of the plant, or occasionally cauliflorous, inflorescence axis 40–50 cm or more long, striate, hairy when young, becoming glabrous with age, c. 1 mm in diameter with persistent bracteoles; bracts green to dull red, c.25 × 10 mm, acuminate at apex, with serrate margins apically, hairy when young, particularly at the base and along veins, soon caducous, visible only at the tips of the inflorescence axis; bracteoles green to dull red, 10–15 × 2 mm, linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, sparsely hairy externally, often persistent on inflorescence axis; pedicels reddish, 10–15 mm long, hairy, elongating and becoming more glabrous in fruit. <i>Calyx</i> reddish when in flower turning green when fruiting, c. 6 mm long, upper lobes divided briefly at apex, lower lobes free to base, lobes acuminate, sparsely hairy externally. <i>Corolla</i> red, slightly paler in the mouth, 15–20 mm long, arcuate with a narrow tube widening to mouth, sparsely hairy externally, internally with scattered eglandular hairs and a dense covering of glandular hairs in the mouth, lobes spreading, slightly projected forwards, two upper lobes orbicular, c.7 × 7 mm, lateral and lower lobes orbicular, 9–10 × 8 mm. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments c. 2 mm long, attached c. 12 mm above the base of the corolla, white, glabrous; anthers 1–2 mm long, cohering at apices, glabrous, white; staminodes 3, c. 0.5 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> c. 10 mm long; disc c. 2 mm long, unilateral with undulate to lobed margin, glabrous; ovary densely hairy; style glandular hairy towards apex; stigma bilobed, lobes vertical, c. 1 mm across. <i>Fruits</i> oblong, glabrous, smooth, greenish brown (drying light brown), 15–30 × 4–8 mm; base of style and calyx persistent.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. South Sulawesi: Latimojong Range (see <b>Figure 51</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Montane and tropalpine forest at an altitude of 1500–2600 m.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. Named after the mountain from where the type specimen was collected (Kartonegoro <i>et al.</i>, 2018).</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. The EOO of this species is 195 km 2 and the AOO is 24 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). It has been collected on eight different botanical expeditions in the Latimojong Range (between 1969 and 2010), suggesting that it is locally abundant and is found in montane forest <i>sensu</i> Cannon <i>et al.</i> (2007), which is one of the least threatened forest types in Sulawesi (70% of upland forests above 1500 m elevation are intact). For this reason and following Kartonegoro <i>et al.</i> (2018), it is recommended that <i>Cyrtandra rantemarioensis</i> be considered as Least Concern (LC).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i>. INDONESIA. <b>South Sulawesi</b>. <i>Enrekang</i>: Latimojong Mountains, 28 i 2009, <i>Ardiyani, Poulsen & Firdaus</i> 165 (E); ibid., on path to Mt Rantemario peak, 6 vii 2002, <i>Brown, Craven & Juswara</i> 4 (BO); ibid., 15 vi 1937, <i>Eyma</i> 467 (BO, L); ibid., Buntu Kaciling, 11 vi 2010, <i>Kartonegoro & Santoso</i> ARK475 (BO); ibid., Rantelemo, v 1929, <i>Kjellberg</i> 4040 (BO, S); ibid., 30 x 1969, <i>Sands</i> 307 (K); Mt Rantemario, 5 iii 2000, <i>Smith & Galloway</i> 229, grown at RBGE as accession 20000622K, vouchered as <i>Scott</i> 507 (E); ibid., 23 iv 2009, <i>Thomas & Ardi</i> 09-79 (BO, E); ibid., 24 iv 2009, <i>Thomas & Ardi</i> 09-81 (BO, E, L).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra rantemarioensis</i> is one of four species in Sulawesi that have long, trailing inflorescences originating at the base of the plant (the others are <i>C. geocarpa</i>, <i>C. hypogaea</i> and <i>C. luteiflora</i>). This species can most easily be distinguished in this group by its red flowers and oblong fruits that, although wrinkled when dry, are not as distinctly tessellate as the fruits of <i>Cyrtandra hypogaea</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 93-96, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt

Cyrtandra spectabilis R. Bone & H. J. Atkins

35.Cyrtandra spectabilis R.Bone & H.J.Atkins, Edinburgh J. Bot. 70(3): 463 (2013) <p> – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Subdivision Enrekang District, Latimojong Mountains, 1 xi 1969, <i>Sands</i> 331 (holotype E; isotypes BO, K). <b>Figure 54</b> <b>.</b></p> <p> Erect, spreading shrub to 2.5 m in height. <i>Stems</i> terete, glabrescent or sparsely hairy. <i>Leaves</i> opposite; one leaf of a pair markedly reduced or appearing alternate; petiole 4–10 mm long, hairy; blades of larger leaves 8–11 × 2–3.2 cm, narrow elliptic, narrow oblong or oblanceolate, base acute, margin serrate, serrations irregularly and distantly spaced (c. 5–24 mm apart), with small tufts of hair at apex, apex acute; 5–7 pairs of secondary veins, upper surface glabrous, lower surface hairy on midrib and veins, juvenile leaves more densely hairy. <i>Reduced leaves</i> (where present) elliptic, c.10 × 4 mm. <i>Inflorescences</i> axillary, 1- or 2-flowered, or cauliflorous fascicles of up to 7 pendulous flowers; peduncles short, 2–4 mm long, hairy; bracts c. 2–3 mm long, linear to oblanceolate, hairy, leafy (with midrib); pedicels 30–40 mm long, slender, glabrescent to sparsely hairy. <i>Calyx</i> maroon, 20–25 mm long, split on ventral side c.1/4 to 1/2 the length of the calyx, upper lobes c. 4–7 mm long (in immature flowers the calyx is not so deeply divided on the lower side and the calyx is more obscurely bilabiate), hairy externally. <i>Corolla</i> very pale yellow to cream, 30–40 mm long, funnelform, tube narrow at base, gradually widening to mouth, lobes c.7 × 6 mm, glabrous internally, eglandular hairy externally. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments c. 11 mm long, cream, glabrous, attached c. 24 mm from base of corolla; anthers c. 1.5 mm long, cohering at apices before anthesis; staminodes 3, lateral staminodes c. 1 mm long, central less than 1 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> c. 30 mm long; disc cupular, undulate with lobed margin, c. 1.2 mm long, glabrous; ovary densely eglandular hairy; style white, sparsely glandular hairy; stigma peltate, c. 0.8 mm across. <i>Fruits</i> not seen.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. South Sulawesi: Latimojong Range (see <b>Figure 55</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Montane forest at an altitude of 1900 m.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. This striking species with large, yellow flowers and a maroon calyx was given the epithet <i>spectabilis</i>, meaning ‘attractive’ (Bone & Atkins, 2013).</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. <i>Cyrtandra spectabilis</i> is known only from the type material. The AOO of this species is 4 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). It was collected in 1969 from a relatively high altitude, and although Cannon <i>et al.</i> (2007) rank the threats to montane forests in Sulawesi as low, ‘moderate to strong anthropogenic disturbance’ has been reported in primary forest in the Latimojong Mountains between 1300 and 2200 m a.s.l. (Thomas <i>et al.</i>, 2011) and there is no formal protection for this area (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2019). This species is considered as Critically Endangered (CR), B2ab(iii) to reflect its restricted distribution and our current understanding of continuous threat. Protection of the habitat and <i>ex situ</i> conservation are recommended.</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra spectabilis</i> is a very distinctive species, with its pendulous yellow flowers and maroon, membranaceous calyx. It is unlike any other species in Sulawesi.</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 105-107, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt

Cyrtandra balgooyi H. J. Atkins & Karton. 2021, sp. nov.

2.Cyrtandra balgooyi H.J.Atkins & Karton., sp. nov. <p> Similar to <i>Cyrtandra widjajae</i> Karton. in having strongly anisophyllous leaves and densely hairy calyces, corollas and fruits but differing in leaf margin (serrate in <i>C. balgooyi</i> versus subentire in <i>C. widjajae</i>), number of lateral vein pairs (4 or 5 pairs in <i>C. balgooyi</i> versus 8–14 pairs in <i>C. widjajae</i>), and corolla length (corolla 20 mm long in <i>C. balgooyi</i> versus corolla 12–15 mm long in <i>C. widjajae</i>).</p> <p> – Type: Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, Danau Tambing, 23 v 1979, <i>van Balgooy</i> 3469 (holotype L; isotypes BO, E). <b>Figure 12.</b></p> <p> Shrub or small tree to 2.5 m in height. <i>Stems</i> striate, sparsely hairy, densely coarse-hairy on young growth. <i>Leaves</i> opposite; one leaf of a pair markedly reduced or appearing alternate; petiole 5–6 mm long, hairy; blades of larger leaves 4–7(–8) × 1.5–2.5(–3) cm, elliptic to narrow obovate, base acute, not decurrent, more or less symmetrical, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate; 4–5(–6) pairs of lateral veins that loop upwards and join eventually with the vein above with short veins running out to adjacent teeth, tertiary venation reticulate, subglabrous to sparsely hairy above, sparsely hairy below, more densely so on midrib and veins. <i>Reduced leaves</i> 1–5 mm long, cordate or with the blade barely developed. <i>Inflorescences</i> axillary, subsessile, 1- or 2-flowered; peduncle up to 1 mm long, densely hairy; bracts 1–2 × 1 mm, linear, hairy; pedicels up to 6 mm long, densely hairy. <i>Calyx</i> very pale green to white, campanulate, 10–12 mm long, more or less evenly 5-lobed or with two sets of lobes tightly adpressed at apices appearing almost 3-lobed, initally enclosing the corolla, lobes subulate, c. 5 mm long, densely coarse-hairy externally. <i>Corolla</i> creamy white to pale yellow, 20 mm long, more or less parallel-sided, widening gradually to mouth, lobes spreading not strongly recurved, lobes 3–4 × 3–4 mm, glandular hairy internally at base of lobes, densely eglandular hairy throughout externally. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments 2.5–3 mm long, attached 7–9 mm from base of corolla; anthers c. 1 mm long, cohering at apices before dehiscence; staminodes 1–2 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> 12–13 mm long; disc cupular with lobed margin, 1 mm long, glabrous; ovary and style densely eglandular hairy; stigma peltate, slightly bilobed, c. 2 mm across. <i>Fruits</i> ovoid, densely hairy, 6 × 4 mm (immature?), calyx not or partially persistent, base of style persistent.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. Central Sulawesi (see <b>Figure 14</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Upland and montane forest at an altitude of 1333–2355 m.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. This species is named after Dr M. M. J. van Balgooy of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands (L), who has contributed so much to our knowledge of the flora of Southeast Asia and was the collector of the type specimen.</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. The EOO of <i>Cyrtandra balgooyi</i> is 444 km 2 and the AOO is 20 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). Most of the collection localities fall within the boundaries of Lore Lindu National Park (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2019), which should provide some protection. They are also at relatively high altitude in the slightly less threatened upland and montane forest types (Cannon <i>et al.</i>, 2007). This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i>. INDONESIA. <b>Central Sulawesi</b>. <i>Sigi</i>: Mt Nokilalaki, track to shelter 2, 24 vii 2018, <i>Ardi</i> WI225 (KRB); Lore Lindu National Park, Tambing lake, 4 viii 2018, <i>Ardi</i> WI 296 (KRB); Summit of Mt Ngilalaki, 9 vii 1939, <i>Bloembergen</i> 3986 (A, BO); Mt Nokilalaki, 6 iii 2008, <i>Cicuzza</i> 787 (E); ibid., 18 iii 2008, <i>Cicuzza</i> 936 (E); Lore Lindu National Park, Uwei Balamba, 21 ii 2011, <i>Culmsee</i> y2077 (BO, E); Sopu Valley, c. 80 km from Palu, 29 iv 1979, <i>Hennipman</i> 5110 (A, E, L).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra balgooyi</i> is one of a group of six species that share the characters of strongly anisophyllous leaves, white or light-yellow corollas, and densely hairy calyces, corollas and fruits. The others in the group are <i>Cyrtandra gambutensis</i>, <i>C. gorontaloensis</i>, <i>C. parvicalyx</i> H.J.Atkins & Karton. and <i>C. widjajae</i>. <i>Cyrtandra balgooyi</i> is currently known only from a small area of Central Sulawesi. The other species in the group from this area is <i>Cyrtandra widjajae</i>, from which this new species can be distinguished most easily by its serrate (as opposed to subentire) leaf margin, smaller number of lateral vein pairs (4 or 5 pairs versus 8–14 pairs) and larger flowers (c. 20 mm long versus 12–15 mm long).</p> <p> <i>Hennipman</i> 5110 has been placed here tentatively, because it has some leaf pairs with subequal leaves and a slightly less serrate margin than that of the other specimens.</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt

Cyrtandra floccosa R. Bone & H. J. Atkins

9.Cyrtandra floccosa R.Bone & H.J.Atkins, Edinburgh J. Bot. 70(3): 457 (2013). <p> – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Mt Rantemario, 26 iv 2009, <i>Thomas & Ardi</i> 09-90 (holotype E; isotypes BO, L). <b>Figure 21</b> <b>.</b></p> <p> Shrub or tree 2–4 m in height. <i>Stems</i> strongly fenestrated, often with conspicuous swollen nodes, glabrescent, densely hairy when young. <i>Leaves</i> opposite, those of a pair more or less equal, often clustered at tips of branches; petioles 12–25 mm long, hairy; blades 6.5–13 × 3–6 cm, elliptic to ovate, base acute or rounded, somewhat coriaceous, drying dark brown or black, margin crenate to serrate, apex acute; 7–9 pairs of lateral veins, looping upwards and running out to margin, tertiary venation reticulate; sparsely hairy above, hairy below densely so on midrib and veins. <i>Inflorescences</i> axillary, pedunculate, 1- or 2-flowered; peduncles c. 6–11 mm long; bracts 3–5(–7) mm long, triangular to ligulate, leafy (with midrib); pedicels 7–20 mm long, densely hairy. <i>Calyx</i> tubular, green-brown, coriaceous, 19–34 mm long, two lower lobes 8–16 mm long, acuminate at apex, three upper lobes divided briefly at apex, densely hairy externally. <i>Corolla</i> light yellow, 26–45 mm long, tube narrow at base, widening and becoming slightly pouched at c.1/3 of length; lobes reflexed, two small dorsal lobes c. 5 mm long, two large lateral lobes c. 12 mm long, one ventral lobe c. 7 mm long, hairy to glabrescent externally, becoming sparsely hairy distally at ends of lobes, glabrous internally at base becoming glandular hairy distally. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments 9–10 mm long, attached c. 20 mm from base of corolla tube; anthers 3–4 mm long, cohering at tips before and during dehiscence; staminodes 3, lateral staminodes c. 3 mm long, central staminode highly reduced, less than 1 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> c. 29 mm long; disc cupular with shallowly lobed margin, c. 4 mm long; ovary glabrous; style sparsely glandular hairy at base, becoming dense towards the apex; stigma peltate, c. 3 mm wide, surface densely papillose; stigma and stamens visible beyond corolla mouth. <i>Fruits</i> ovoid, green, drying black, 15–25 × 6–8 mm, glabrous; calyx usually not persistent in fruit, base of style persistent.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. South Sulawesi: Latimojong Range (see <b>Figure 24</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Tropalpine forest at an altitude of 2800–3000 m.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. The specific epithet refers to the floccose indumentum, which is particularly dense on juvenile leaves and shoots (Bone & Atkins, 2013).</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. The EOO and the AOO are both 12 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). <i>Cyrtandra floccosa</i> occurs in tropalpine vegetation over 2800 m in altitude in and around the western boundary of the Pegunungan Latimojong Protection Forest. Because this habitat type is in good condition and not considered at risk (Cannon <i>et al.</i>, 2007), it is considered unlikely that the species is in decline. It has been collected on three different botanical expeditions in the Latimojong Mountains, most recently in 2009. Following Bone & Atkins (2013), this species is considered to be of Least Concern (LC).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i>. INDONESIA. <b>South Sulawesi</b>. <i>Enrekang</i>: Rante Mario, 3000 m, 1929, <i>Kjellberg</i> 4046 (BO, S); Latimojong Mts south of Ninimori, 2950 m, 23 x 1969, <i>Sands</i> 296 (BO, E, K); ibid., <i>Sands</i> 344 (E, K); Mt Rantemario, 2788 m, 26 iv 2009, <i>Thomas & Ardi</i> 09-89 (BO, E, L).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra floccosa</i> is very distinctive in Sulawesi. It is characterised by its rusty, floccose indumentum throughout and large, pale-yellow flowers.</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt

Cyrtandra flavomaculata H. J. Atkins & Karton. 2021, sp. nov.

8.Cyrtandra flavomaculata H.J.Atkins & Karton., sp. nov. <p> Similar to <i>Cyrtandra kinhoi</i> Karton. & H.J.Atkins in its tessellate stems and decurrent leaves but differing in its corolla colour and indumentum (corolla white with distinctive yellow markings on lobes and glabrous externally in <i>C. flavomaculata</i> versus corolla white or flushed pink without markings and glandular hairy externally in <i>C. kinhoi</i>), and its style indumentum (style densely glandular hairy in <i>C. flavomaculata</i> versus style glabrous, slightly eglandular hairy towards apex in <i>C. kinhoi</i>).</p> <p> – Type: Indonesia, Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Lore Lindu National Park, Mt Nokilalaki, Track to shelter 2, 24 vii 18, <i>Ardi</i> WI229 (holotype KRB). <b>Figure 19.</b></p> <p> Herb or soft wooded shrub to 2 m in height. <i>Stems</i> slightly tessellate and somewhat ridged. <i>Leaves</i> opposite, those of a pair subequal; petioles 1–2 cm long, sparsely hairy, winged and flushed white or pink; blades 21–25 × 5–6 cm, narrow oblong to narrow elliptic; base decurrent (appearing less so on older leaves as decurrent wing falls away), margin subentire towards the base, becoming serrate towards the apex, apex short acuminate; 11–18 pairs of lateral veins, looping up and running out to margin, tertiary venation reticulate, somewhat obscure; sparsely hairy above, more or less glabrous below with some hairs on the midrib and veins (more dense on young growth). <i>Inflorescences</i> axillary, subsessile, 4- to many-flowered, flowers at various stages of development; peduncle c. 5 mm long, glabrous; bracts narrow obovate, with a slightly serrate margin towards the apex, off-white to light green, 25–40 × 7–9 mm, glabrous, quite leathery; apex long-acuminate; pedicels c. 5 mm long, glabrous. <i>Calyx</i> tubular, 23 mm long, white, light green or reddish, somewhat warty on some specimens, more or less glabrous, appearing 4-lobed because two of the lobes are divided only very briefly at the apex, lobes triangular, long-acuminate, 15 mm long. <i>Corolla</i> white with distinctive yellow marks on lower, and occasionally also upper lobes, 42 mm long, funnel-shaped, narrow in basal half, then widening abruptly to mouth, more or less glabrous externally, lobes rounded, upper lobes 5 × 8 mm; lower and lateral lobes 8–10 × 8–10 mm; glandular hairy internally on lobes and in the tube below the anthers. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments c. 9 mm long, attached c. 20 mm from base of corolla, glabrous except for a few glandular hairs near the anthers; anthers c. 3.5 mm long, with a few glandular hairs, cohering at tips but not face to face before dehiscence; staminodes 3, laterals 4 mm long, central one highly reduced, less than 1 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> 30–35 mm long; disc cupular with a slightly undulate margin, glabrous, 3 mm long; ovary glabrous, style densely glandular hairy; stigma bilobed, lobes 2.5–3 mm long. <i>Fruits</i> oblong, glabrous, c.20 × 6 mm, green, base of style and calyx not persistent.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. Central, South and Southeast Sulawesi (<b>Figure 20</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Hill, upland and montane forest, sometimes in disturbed areas at an altitude of 500–1750 m. One specimen (<i>Hennipman</i> 5939) is recorded as having been collected from a limestone area.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. This species is named for its distinctive yellow markings on the lower, and occasionally also upper, corolla lobes.</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. The EOO of this species is 17,578 km 2 and the AOO is 28 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). Some of the collection localities fall within the protected area of the Lore Lindu National Park (UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2019), but most are in areas without any formal protection. <i>Cyrtandra flavomaculata</i> has quite a wide altitudinal range, but many of the collections are from the more threatened hill forest zone (Cannon <i>et al.</i>, 2007). Because of the low number of collections, relative lack of protection, and known threat to this habitat, it is considered to be Vulnerable (VU), B1ab(iii) + 2ab(iii).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i>. INDONESIA. <b>Central Sulawesi</b>. <i>Sigi</i>: Lore Lindu National Park, Tambing Lake vicinity, 4 viii 2018, <i>Ardi</i> WI 299 (KRB); Road to Lake Lindu, c. 60 km SSE of Palu, 30 v 1979, <i>van Balgooy</i> 3565 (A, BO, E, L); ibid., 30 v 1979, <i>van Balgooy</i> 3571 (A, BO, E, L).</p> <p> <b>South Sulawesi</b>. <i>East Luwu</i>: Mt Pere, south of Soroako, 20 vi 1979, <i>Hennipman</i> 5939 (A, BO, E, L).</p> <p> <b>Southeast Sulawesi</b>. <i>North Kolaka</i>: along the trail to Mt Mekkongga, 18 iii 2006, <i>Girmansyah</i> 580 (BO); <i>North Konawe</i>: Linomoyo Transmigration Village, 16 ii 2017, <i>Ardi</i> WI 164 (KRB).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra flavomaculata</i> is most similar vegetatively to <i>C. fasciata</i>, <i>C. kinhoi</i> and <i>C. longistamina</i> in having decurrent leaves and tessellate stems. It can be distinguished from <i>Cyrtandra fasciata</i> most easily by its obovate inflorescence bracts 7–9 mm wide (as opposed to linear bracts that are c. 2 mm wide), and from <i>C. longistamina</i> by its oblong fruits on short pedicels up to 5 mm long (as opposed to subglobose fruits on long pedicels up to 30 mm long).</p> <p> Some of the collections now included in this species were originally cited under <i>Cyrtandra kinhoi</i> (Kartonegoro <i>et al.</i>, 2018). With better material of <i>Cyrtandra flavomaculata</i>, however, it is clear to see that there are differences in the corolla and style in terms of colouring and indumentum, as detailed in the diagnosis. Additionally, the base of the leaf has a distinctive white or purplish tinge and a papery texture that differs somewhat from the texture of the rest of the leaf; these characters are not seen in <i>Cyrtandra kinhoi</i>. The papery bases are sometimes lost as the leaves get older, so that they appear less decurrent.</p> <p> The two species are also geographically separated, with <i>Cyrtandra kinhoi</i> restricted to North Sulawesi and <i>C. flavomaculata</i> distributed in Central, South and Southeast Sulawesi. According to notes on <i>Hennipman</i> 5939, the young leaves are used for the preparation of fish soup (<i>sajor ikan</i>).</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 35-39, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt

Cyrtandra celebica Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.

5.Cyrtandra celebica Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 772 (1826). <p> – <i>Rhynchocarpus coccineus</i> Reinwardt ex de Vriese, Pl. Ind. Bat. Orient. 11 (1856), nom. inval. – <i>Cyrtandra coccinea</i> var. <i>celebica</i> (Blume) C.B.Clarke in A.DC. & C.DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: 256 (1883).</p> <p> – Type: Indonesia, Celebes [Sulawesi], in monte Lokkon, x 1821, <i>Reinwardt</i> mss no. 1541 (lectotype L, designated here).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra rhizantha</i> Kraenzlin, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 277 (1906). – Type: Indonesia, Celebes [Sulawesi], Forêt a l’entrée de la vallée du Tiram, 23–25 viii 1876, <i>de la Savinierre</i> 138 (holotype K). <b>Figure 16.</b></p> <p> Shrub or small tree to 10 m in height, usually much less. <i>Stems</i> subglabrous, woody, occasionally with prop roots. <i>Leaves</i> opposite or sometimes in threes; those of a pair or group well developed but somewhat unequal in size; petioles 2.5–6(–11) cm, glabrous, often warty at base; blades 8–40 × 6–18.5 cm, narrow ovate to narrow oblong, acute to obtuse and markedly oblique at base, margin subentire to crenate-serrate, acuminate at apex; 9–25 pairs of lateral veins, curving upwards and running out to margin, tertiary venation reticulate, sometimes quite obscure; sparsely hairy above, glabrous to sparsely hairy below, including midrib and veins. <i>Inflorescences</i> cauliflorous, often near base of stem, or occasionally in leaf axils, many-flowered; inflorescence axis pendulous or trailing often from a single point and then branching, appearing slightly notched from the remains of old bracts and bracteoles; bracts and bracteoles 10–15 × 5–10 mm, ovate, glabrous to sparsely hairy, connate sometimes only at base, sometimes to 3/4 the length, soon caducous. <i>Calyx</i> tubular, slightly bilabiate, dark red or green, 12–20 mm long, lobes triangular, shortly acuminate at apex, three upper lobes very briefly divided, c.3 × 2 mm, two lower lobes slightly longer, c.5 × 4 mm, glabrous externally. <i>Corolla</i> red, 20–25(–35) mm long, tubular, very narrow towards base, mouth oblique with lower and lateral lobes recurved and folded under themselves thus appearing very small, c.1 × 4 mm, upper lobes extending forwards, c.2 × 4 mm, more or less glabrous externally with a scattering of short glandular hairs towards the lobes; lobes glandular hairy internally. <i>Stamens</i> with filaments 8–12 mm long, attached 11–18 mm from base of corolla, cream or pinkish, glabrous; anthers brown or cream, 2–3 mm long, connected at tips before dehiscence; staminodes 1–1.5 mm long. <i>Gynoecium</i> 20–30 mm long; disc cupular, slightly wider at base, sometimes with one side slightly lower than the other and slightly undulate margin, glabrous, 2 mm long; ovary glabrous; style glandular at the top of the style near the stigma, glabrous towards the ovary; stigma peltate, slightly bilobed, c. 2.5 mm across, green, exserted beyond the mouth of the corolla at maturity. <i>Fruits</i> narrow ovoid to oblong, 10–15 × 3–5 mm, glabrous, green when unripe, calyx not persistent, base of style persistent.</p> <p> <i>Distribution</i>. North, Central, West and Southeast Sulawesi (<b>Figure 17</b>).</p> <p> <i>Habitat and ecology</i>. Lowland to montane forest, often on vertical banks at an altitude of 50–1600 m.</p> <p> <i>Etymology</i>. This species is named after the island of Sulawesi, using its former name Celebes (Blume, 1826).</p> <p> <i>Proposed IUCN conservation category</i>. The EOO of this species is 210,408 km 2 and the AOO is 116 km 2, based on a 2 × 2 km grid cell size, under the B criteria (Bachman <i>et al.</i>, 2011). <i>Cyrtandra celebica</i> is one of the most widespread species on the island, with a very wide altitudinal range, from 50 to 1600 m, and has been collected on a number of recent expeditions (in 2003, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2016). For these reasons, it is given a category of Least Concern (LC).</p> <p> <i>Additional specimens examined</i>. INDONESIA. <b>North Sulawesi</b>. <i>Bolaang Mongondow</i>: Tapakolintang area, 29 x 2016, <i>Barber, Atkins, Kartonegoro & Kinho</i> BAKK12 (BO, E); Kasingolan River, 30 x 2016, <i>Barber, Atkins, Kartonegoro & Kinho</i> BAKK15 (BO, E); Dumoga Bone National Park, Mt Mogogonipa, 12 iv 1985, <i>de Vogel & Vermeulen</i> 7114 (K, L); <i>East Bolaang Mongondow</i>: Mt Ambang Nature Reserve, 2 xi 2016, <i>Barber, Atkins, Kartonegoro & Kinho</i> BAKK49 (BO, E); Mt Ambang Nature Reserve, Bolrang Solfatara area, 19 iv 1985, <i>de Vogel & Vermeulen</i> 7300 (K, L); <i>Manado</i>: Malalayang waterfall, 31 i 2019, <i>Ardi</i> WI 393 (KRB); Manado, 28 xii 1894, <i>Koorders</i> 17198β (BO, L); ibid., ii 1923, <i>Wisse</i> 101(BO); <i>Minahasa</i>:</p> <p> Mt Masarang, 4 xii 2003, <i>Ambriansyah</i> AA2656 (BO); Tondano, 1923, <i>Boesveld s.n.</i> (BO); 1894–5, <i>Hose</i> 799 (BM, K); Tondano, 1923, <i>Kruyff</i> 18 (BO); <i>Sangihe Islands</i>: Tabukan Selatan, 27 ix 1998, <i>Hicks</i> 87 (K); between Ganding peak and Batungbakara peak, 12 iv 1999, <i>Hicks</i> 225 (E, K); <i>South Minahasa</i>: Above Kelelonde, Soputan Mountains, 16 v 1954, <i>Alston</i> 15859 (A, BM, BO); Winowangan, 4 km E of Menado, 3 vii 1954, <i>Alston</i> 16189 (A, BM, BO, L, S); Mt Soputan, 11 x 1973, <i>de Vogel</i> 2497 (A); <i>Talaud Islands</i>: Karakelang, slope of G. Datua, 2 v 1926, <i>Lam</i> 2744 (BO, L); <i>Tomohon</i>: Tomohon, 5 vi 1954, <i>Alston</i> 15665 (A, BM, BO); Mt Mahawu, 23 v 1956, <i>Forman</i> 225 (BO, L); ibid., Wagio Crater, 4 vii 1956, <i>Forman</i> 385 (BO, L); Tomohon, 6 i 1895, <i>Koorders</i> 17201β (BO); Mt Lokon, 7 i 1895, <i>Koorders</i> 17184β (BO, L); Tomohon, 9 i 1895 <i>Koorders</i> 17179β (BO, L).</p> <p> <b>Central Sulawesi</b>. <i>Banggai</i>: inland from Batui, 15 x 1989, <i>Coode</i> 5944 (BO, K, L, SING); Bunta subdistrict, Sumber Agung, Mt Hek, Sungai Hek, 25 ii 2004, <i>Hendrian, Newman, Scott, Saleh & Supriadi</i> 896 (E); Mt Hek, 14 iv 2008, <i>Thomas & Ardi</i> 08-50 (BO, CEB n.v., E); Mt Katopas, 7 v 2008, <i>Thomas & Ardi</i> 08-68 (BO, CEB n.v., E); <i>Palu</i>: Top of pass from Palu to east coast, 23 ii 2000, <i>Mendum, Argent & Hendrian</i> 00129 (E); <i>Sigi</i>: Lore Lindu National Park, 29 vii 2018, <i>Ardi</i> WI 248 (KRB); Area of Mt Nokilalaki, SE of Lake Lindu, 3 v 1975, <i>Meijer</i> 9981 (L).</p> <p> <b>West Sulawesi</b>. <i>Mamuju</i>: Kona-kona River, Ds. Sondang, Kec. Kaluku Kab, 6 ii 1993, <i>Afriastini</i> 2053 (BO, K, L).</p> <p> <b>Southeast Sulawesi</b>. <i>North Kolaka</i>: Rante Angin subdistrict, Tinukari village, 2 viii 2009, <i>Hidayat, Santika & Hapid</i> AH4095 (BO, E); ibid., 4 viii 2009, <i>Potter, Sujadi, Shaputri, Asuar & Sarpin</i> 090804-01 (BO, E); ibid., 29 vi 2011, <i>Widjaja, Sujadi, Santoso & Hapid</i> EAW9694 (BO, E).</p> <p> <b>Sulawesi</b>: <i>de Vriese</i> 2 (L0277486 and L0277488) (L); <i>de Vriese & Teijsmann</i> 2 (L0277487) (L); <i>Unknown collector</i> 202 (L0277489) (L).</p> <p> <i>Cyrtandra celebica</i> is one of the most common and widespread species on Sulawesi. It is also one of the most striking, and although it is variable in terms of leaf shape and venation, it is easily recognised by its cauliflorous inflorescences and bright red corolla.</p> <p> Blume (1826) originally described two species: <i>Cyrtandra celebica</i> from Sulawesi and <i>C. coccinea</i> Blume from Java. Clarke later reduced <i>Cyrtandra celebica</i> to a variety of <i>C. coccinea</i> and listed two de Vriese collections from Sulawesi as examplar specimens (Clarke, 1883). Although the morphological similarities between the Javan and Sulawesi taxa are striking, there are differences between them. The difference originally described by Blume is in the structure of the inflorescences, with those of the Javan species being subumbellate and those of Sulawesi being branched panicles (Blume, 1826). Clarke, when reducing the species to varietal level, also highlighted differences in the indumentum of the young growth, the Sulawesi specimens being more densely hairy when young (Clarke, 1883). In addition to these differences, the corollas of the Javan taxa, although usually red, can be quite pale and even yellowish white, and the corolla lobes are larger and not as strongly recurved as in the Sulawesi species.</p> <p> Molecular phylogenetic research on the genus has confirmed that <i>Cyrtandra coccinea</i> from Java and Sulawesi are not conspecific, and in fact the Javan material is more closely related to <i>C. floccosa</i> and <i>C. hispidula</i> than to <i>C. celebica</i> (Atkins <i>et al.</i>, 2020). Here, the Sulawesi material is treated as a distinct species, <i>Cyrtandra celebica</i>, as Blume originally proposed. <i>Cyrtandra rhizantha</i> was described in 1906 (Kraenzlin, 1906) from a collection from Minahasa in Sulawesi, and is treated as a synonym of <i>C. celebica</i>. The name <i>Cyrtandra rhizantha</i> was subsequently also used illegitimately by Schlechter for a completely unrelated white-flowered species from New Guinea (Schlechter, 1923).</p> <p> Blume did not list any specimens when he described <i>Cyrtandra celebica</i>. The only specimen that was collected early enough to have been seen by him is <i>Reinwardt</i> 1541, which is designated here as the lectotype.</p>Published as part of <i>Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, pp. 1-122 in Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364)</i> on pages 27-31, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2021.364, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10515418">http://zenodo.org/record/10515418</a&gt