Completed fertility effects of family policy measures : evidence from a life-cycle model

We estimate a structural life-cycle model of fertility and female labour supply and use it to evaluate the effects of a number of key family policy measures based on data for Germany. Parental leave benefits, child benefits and subsidized childcare are found to have substantial fertility effects. Without these measures, completed fertility is estimated to be lower by 6%, 7%, and 10%, respectively. Income tax splitting, which is fiscally expensive, reduces female labour supply but has a negligible effect on fertility

Life-cycle incidence of family policy measures in Germany : evidence from a dynamic microsimulation model

This paper quantifies the life-cycle incidence of key family policy measures in Germany. The analysis is based on a novel dynamic microsimulation model that combines simulated family life-cycles for a base population from the 2009 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with a comprehensive tax-benefit model. The results indicate that households in Germany benefit considerably from family- and marriage-related transfers, yet also reveal substantial variation behind the population average. Moreover, it is shown that some measures, such as income tax splitting, may make individuals in fact worse off, in financial terms, over the long course, as a result of negative labour supply incentives which are rein-forced through detrimental effects on human capital accumulation

Completed fertility effects of family policy measures : evidence from a life-cycle model

We estimate a structural life-cycle model of fertility and female labour supply and use it to evaluate the effects of a number of key family policy measures based on data for Germany. Parental leave benefits, child benefits and subsidized childcare are found to have substantial fertility effects. Without these measures, completed fertility is estimated to be lower by 6%, 7%, and 10%, respectively. Income tax splitting, which is fiscally expensive, reduces female labour supply but has a negligible effect on fertility

Evaluation des Förderprogramms "INVEST - Zuschuss für Wagniskapital"

Dieser Bericht gliedert sich wie folgt: Kapitel 2 gibt zunächst einen Überblick über das Untersuchungsdesign dieses Evaluationsprojektes und führt Definitionen ein, um die Verständlichkeit für den verbleibenden Text zu vereinfachen. In Kapitel 3 wird die Literatur zum Wagniskapitalmarkt in Deutschland, auch im internationalen Vergleich, insbesondere im Seed‐ und Early‐Stage‐Bereich überblicksartig vorgestellt und zusammengefasst. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Analyse der Notwendigkeit staatlichen Handelns im Bereich des Wagniskapitalmarktes, insbesondere bei privaten Investoren und bei Business Angel Investitionen. Anschließend wird eine Zusammenfassung der Fördermaßnahmen für Startup‐Unternehmen im In‐ und Ausland präsentiert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Förderprogrammen, die INVEST ähnlich sind (Kapitel 4). Im Rahmen der Bearbeitung der Implementationsanalyse wurde das INVEST‐Antragsverfahren hinsichtlich Expertise, Plausibilität, Bearbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, Bürokratieaufwand und Zufriedenheit der Antragsteller untersucht (Kapitel 5). Im Kapitel 6 werden deskriptive Auswertungen der Teilnehmerdaten vorgestellt. Diese enthalten Informationen zu allen antragstellenden Unternehmen und Investoren sowie den Status der gesamten Antragsvorgänge zum Stichtag der Ziehung der Datendurch das BAFA am 11. November 2015. Kapitel 7 stellt einen Überblick über die quantitative Entwicklung von Privatinvestorenbeteiligungen bei jungen Unternehmen in Deutschland dar. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Auswertung der Daten des Mannheimer Unternehmenspanels und von den Finanztransaktionsdatenbanken Zephyr und Majunke. In den beiden Kapiteln 8 und 9 werden die Effekte der INVEST‐Förderung auf das Investitionsverhalten von Investoren einerseits und auf das für Unternehmen zusätzlich bereitgestellte Beteiligungskapital thematisiert. In diesem Teil des Berichts werden in erster Linie die Ergebnisse von den Investoren‐ und Unternehmensbefragungen, die im Rahmen dieses Projektes durchgeführt wurden, vorgestellt und interpretiert. Kapitel 10 fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und leitet in die abschließende Bewertung und Schlussfolgerungen (Kapitel 11) über.Projektbericht an das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi). Referat VIIC2 - Projektnummer 64/1

Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 5

This paper examines the impact of parental investments on the development of cogni-tive, mental and emotional skills during childhood using data from a longitudinal study, the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, starting at birth. Our work offers three impor-tant innovations. First, we use reliable measures of the child’s cognitive, mental and emotional skills as well as accurate measures of parental investment. Second, we esti-mate latent factor models to account for unobserved characteristics of children. Third, we examine the skill development for children who were born with either organic or psychosocial risk separately. We find a decreasing impact of parental investments on cognitive and mental skills, while emotional skills seem to be unaffected by parental investment throughout childhood. Thus, initial inequality persists during childhood. Since families are the main sources of education during the first years of life, our results have important implications for the quality of the parent-child relationship.cognitive skills, noncognitive skills, critical periods, sensitive periods, initial risk

Genomic basis for drought resistance in European beech forests threatened by climate change

In the course of global climate change, Central Europe is experiencing more frequent and prolonged periods of drought. The drought years 2018 and 2019 affected European beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) differently: even in the same stand, drought-damaged trees neighboured healthy trees, suggesting that the genotype rather than the environment was responsible for this conspicuous pattern. We used this natural experiment to study the genomic basis of drought resistance with Pool-GWAS. Contrasting the extreme phenotypes identified 106 significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the genome. Most annotated genes with associated SNPs (>70%) were previously implicated in the drought reaction of plants. Non-synonymous substitutions led either to a functional amino acid exchange or premature termination. An SNP assay with 70 loci allowed predicting drought phenotype in 98.6% of a validation sample of 92 trees. Drought resistance in European beech is a moderately polygenic trait that should respond well to natural selection, selective management, and breeding

Genomic basis for drought resistance in European beech forests threatened by climate change

In the course of global climate change, Central Europe is experiencing more frequent and prolonged periods of drought. The drought years 2018 and 2019 affected European beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) differently: even in the same stand, drought-damaged trees neighboured healthy trees, suggesting that the genotype rather than the environment was responsible for this conspicuous pattern. We used this natural experiment to study the genomic basis of drought resistance with Pool-GWAS. Contrasting the extreme phenotypes identified 106 significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the genome. Most annotated genes with associated SNPs (>70%) were previously implicated in the drought reaction of plants. Non-synonymous substitutions led either to a functional amino acid exchange or premature termination. An SNP assay with 70 loci allowed predicting drought phenotype in 98.6% of a validation sample of 92 trees. Drought resistance in European beech is a moderately polygenic trait that should respond well to natural selection, selective management, and breeding

A novel EBSD-based finite-element wave propagation model for investigating seismic anisotropy: Application to Finero Peridotite, Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Northern Italy

ISSN:0094-8276ISSN:1944-800