Effect of Exercise on Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Overweight Women

Over the past decade, our knowledge of how homeostatic systems regulate food intake and body weight has increased with the discovery of circulating peptides such as leptin, acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin. These hormones regulate the appetite and food intake by sending signals to the brain regarding the body\u27s nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise. Nine overweight women undertook two 2 h trials in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise trial, subjects ran for 60 min at 50% of maximal oxygen uptake followed by a 60 min rest period. In the control trial, subjects rested for 2 h. Obestatin, acyl ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline and at 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min after baseline. A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant (P \u3c 0.05) interaction effect for leptin and acyl ghrelin. However, changes in obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin concentration were statistically insignificant (P \u3e 0.05). The data indicated that although acute treadmill exercise resulted in a significant change in acyl ghrelin and leptin levels, it had no effect on plasma obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin levels

Tension Type Headache in Adolescence and Childhood: Where Are We Now?

Tension type headache (TTH) is a primary headache disorder considered common in children and adolescents. It remains debatable whether TTH and migraine are separate biological entities. This review summarizes the most recent literature of TTH with regards to children and adolescents. Further studies of TTH are needed to develop a biologically based classification system that may be facilitated through understanding changes in the developing brain during childhood and adolescence

Overview of diagnosis and management of paediatric headache. Part I: diagnosis

Headache is the most common somatic complaint in children and adolescents. The evaluation should include detailed history of children and adolescents completed by detailed general and neurological examinations. Moreover, the possible role of psychological factors, life events and excessively stressful lifestyle in influencing recurrent headache need to be checked. The choice of laboratory tests rests on the differential diagnosis suggested by the history, the character and temporal pattern of the headache, and the physical and neurological examinations. Subjects who have any signs or symptoms of focal/progressive neurological disturbances should be investigated by neuroimaging techniques. The electroencephalogram and other neurophysiological examinations are of limited value in the routine evaluation of headaches. In a primary headache disorder, headache itself is the illness and headache is not attributed to any other disorder (e.g. migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalgias). In secondary headache disorders, headache is the symptom of identifiable structural, metabolic or other abnormality. Red flags include the first or worst headache ever in the life, recent headache onset, increasing severity or frequency, occipital location, awakening from sleep because of headache, headache occurring exclusively in the morning associated with severe vomiting and headache associated with straining. Thus, the differential diagnosis between primary and secondary headaches rests mainly on clinical criteria. A thorough evaluation of headache in children and adolescents is necessary to make the correct diagnosis and initiate treatment, bearing in mind that children with headache are more likely to experience psychosocial adversity and to grow up with an excess of both headache and other physical and psychiatric symptoms and this creates an important healthcare problem for their future life

Structural Abnormalities Of The Brain Other Than Molar Tooth Sign In Joubert Syndrome-Related Disorders

PURPOSE We performed a retrospective study in which we investigated malformations other than brainstem and vermian dysgenesis in Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRD). We investigated the frequency and type of structural abnormalities that coexist with the molar tooth sign (MTS) in JSRD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched our archive for the years 2002-2008 in order to find patients with the diagnosis of JSRD. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging studies of 20 patients with the diagnosis of JSRD were reviewed by two neuroradiologists. RESULTS In addition to known anomalies including callosal dysgenesis, heterotopia, polymicrogyria, atretic encephalocele, hypomy-elination, and nonobstructive dilatation of lateral ventricles; malformations that have not been previously reported were determined, including cerebellar folial disorganization, hippocampal malformation, temporal lob hypoplasia, ambient cistern lipoma, and parenchymal cyst. CONCLUSION Structural abnormalities associated with the MTS are not rare, and the additional imaging findings may help explain the neurological presentation in these patients.WoSScopu