Identification and quantitation of 3-S-cysteinyiglycinehexan-1-ol (cysgly-3-MH) in sauvignon blanc grape juice by HPLC-MS/MS

Precursors to varietal wine thiols are a key area of grape and wine research. Several such precursors, in the form of odorless conjugates, have been closely studied in recent years. A new conjugate has now been identified as 3-S-cysteinylglycinehexan-1-ol (Cysgly-3-MH), being the dipeptide intermediate between cysteine and glutathione precursors of tropical thiol 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH). Authentic Cysgly-3-MH was produced via enzymatic transformation of the glutathione conjugate and used to verify the presence of both diastereomers of Cysgly-3-MH in Sauvignon blanc juice extracts. Cysgly-3-MH was added into our HPLC-MS/MS precursor method, and the validated method was used to quantify this new analyte in a selection of Sauvignon blanc juice extracts. Cysgly-3-MH was found in the highest concentrations (10-28.5 μg/L combined diastereomer total) in extracts from berries that had been machine-harvested and transported for 800 km in 12 h. This dipeptide conjugate was much less abundant than the glutathione and cysteine conjugates in the samples studied. On the basis of the results, the new cysteinylglycine conjugate of 3-MH seemingly has a short existence as an intermediate precursor, which may explain why it has not been identified as a natural juice component until now.Dimitra L. Capone, Kevin H. Pardon, Antonio G. Cordente and David W. Jeffer

Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Simulation training in obstetrics and gynecology has been used for hundreds of years. The apprenticeship model of training has evolved to include group simulations and virtual reality trainers. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and other professional societies have recognized the importance of simulation and formulated recommendations and/or curricula for appropriate training of residents, fellows, students, and staff. Obstetrics has utilized simulation mannequins to teach the birthing process and is taking advantage of simulation and the associated debriefing sessions for training in emergency and uncommon scenarios as well as in multidisciplinary training. Gynecology has used box trainers and virtual reality simulation to improve procedural skills of trainees outside the operating room using proficiency-based training paradigms. Simulation has also allowed for improvements in the objectivity of assessments. Future directions may include crowdsourcing for the evaluation of surgical proficiency and possibly for credentialing purposes