Information Estimation with Node Placement Strategy in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks

The cluster formation in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks (3D-WSN) gives rise to overlapping of signals due to spherical sensing range which leads to information redundancy in the network. To address this problem, we develop a sensing algorithm for 3D-WSN based on dodecahedron topology which we call three-dimensional distributed clustering (3D-DC) algorithm. Using 3D-DC algorithm in 3D-WSN, accurate information extraction appears to be a major challenge due to the environmental noise where a cluster head (CH) node gathers and estimates information in each dodecahedron cluster. Hence, to extract precise information in each dodecahedron cluster, we propose three-dimensional information estimation (3D-IE) algorithm. Moreover, node deployment strategy also plays an important factor to maximize information accuracy in 3D-WSN. In most cases, sensor nodes are deployed deterministically or randomly. But both the deployment scenarios are not aware of where to exactly place the sensor nodes to extract more information in terms of accuracy. Therefore, placing nodes in its appropriate positions in 3D-WSN is a challenging task. We propose a three-dimensional node placement (3D-NP) algorithm which can find the possible nodes and their deployment strategy to maximize information accuracy in the network. We perform simulations using MATLAB to validate the 3D-DC, 3D-IE and 3D-NP, algorithms, respectively

DNA replication and Pathogenecity of MYMIV

Geminiviridae is a large family of single stranded DNA plant viruses, transmitted by white fly Bamesia tabacci, and they are the major causes of huge agro-economical losses worldwide. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) belongs to the genus begomovirus, the predominant variety of geminiviruses in northern part of Indian subcontinent. It has bipartite genome, which replicates via rolling circle (RCR) model with the help of few viral and several host factors. We have focused our efforts to understand the mechanism of initiation and immediate post-initiation phases of viral RCR. The Rep-protein encoded by the virus binds to the iterons present in the origin of replication, melts the origin, and subsequently nicks a conserved specific sequence of DNA, the region from where the RCR begins. The Rep protein also carries out the displacement of the parental strand required for the passage of replication fork. We have identified few host factors that act as accessory proteins of Rep during these phases of replication as mentioned. The high phyto-pathogenicity of the virus may be attributed to its potential to suppress host antiviral response, i.e., RNA silencing. We have developed various assays to identify viral RNAi suppressors. The AC2 suppressor protein of the MYMIV has been characterized for its various activities and its suppression domain has been mapped. This review will primarily focus upon the understanding the mechanistic aspect of initiation of MYMIV replication, the biochemical activity of the replication in relation to host as well as viral factors; and the RNA silencing suppressor activity of the virus protein AC2 and its potential applications

The 7a Accessory Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Acts as an RNA Silencing Suppressor▿

RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) are well studied for plant viruses but are not well defined to date for animal viruses. Here, we have identified an RSS from a medically important positive-sense mammalian virus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The viral 7a accessory protein suppressed both transgene and virus-induced gene silencing by reducing the levels of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The suppression of silencing was analyzed by two independent assays, and the middle region (amino acids [aa] 32 to 89) of 7a was responsible for suppression. Finally, the RNA suppression property and the enhancement of heterologous replicon activity by the 7a protein were confirmed for animal cell lines