Prevalence of Hypertension and Obesity among High School Students of Mysore, Karnataka

Background: Hypertension, the silent killer, is one of the major risk factor of cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases which is currently responsible for 2/3rd of global mortality. Obesity is a good predictor of hypertension and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.Objective: To find out the prevalence of hypertension and obesity among high school students of Mysore, Karnataka.Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to July 2014. Multistage sampling method was adopted to select 3000 students. The required sample size was collected from 8th, 9th, and 10th standard students equally after doing gender stratification in each class. Anthropometrics measurements and blood pressure was measured according to WHO guidelines.Results: In our study most of the children belong to the age group of 13-14 years, mostly were boys and were studying in 10th standard, belonged to Hindu religion and nuclear family. In our study, we found that 22.4% of children had a family history of hypertension and 13.7% of children had a family history of obesity. In our study, we found that the prevalence of overweight was 4.97%, obesity was 1.47% and prevalence of hypertension was 0.3%.Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was 0.3% and obesity was 1.47%

Proportion, Risk Factors and the Impact of Dysmenorrhea among Girls

Background: Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absence in adolescent girls and a common problem in women of reproductive age. There are many factors related to this disorder which include a younger age, low body mass index (BMI), smoking, early menarche, and prolonged menstrual flow. Objectives: (1) To find the proportion of dysmenorrhea among girls of a nursing college; (2) To find out the risk factors and impact of dysmenorrhea.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 at Nursing College, VIMS, Bellary, Karnataka. Data were collected by a pre-tested and pre-designed semi-structured pro forma. The study was performed on a total of 196 students who agreed to participate and present at the time of study. Analysis was done by using Epi-info version 3.4.3.Results: The average age of the study group was 19.3+1.8 years (range 17–30). Proportion of dysmenorrhea was found to be 77% and was significantly higher in females with positive family history of dysmenorrhea when compared to the others (P<0.05), who had early age of menarche, irregular cycle, increased amount of flow, gynecological problems and lack exercise had high rate of dysmenorrhea compared to others but statistically it was not significant. In this study, because of dysmenorrhea 20.5% had class absenteeism, 23.2% college absenteeism, 44.4% had poor concentration, 31.8% were depressed, 53% were irritable and 2.6% had suicidal tendencies.Conclusion and Recommendation: There was a high proportion of dysmenorrhea and also girls were very much worried about it. There is a need to educate them about causes, treatment and also to cope with stress at the time of menstrual cycle

Effects of the WHO Labour Care Guide on cesarean section in India: a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial

Cesarean section rates worldwide are rising, driven by medically unnecessary cesarean use. The new World Health Organization Labour Care Guide (LCG) aims to improve the quality of care for women during labor and childbirth. Using the LCG might reduce overuse of cesarean; however, its effects have not been evaluated in randomized trials. We conducted a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial in four hospitals in India to evaluate the implementation of an LCG strategy intervention, compared with routine care. We performed this trial to pilot the intervention and obtain preliminary effectiveness data, informing future research. Eligible clusters were four hospitals with >4,000 births annually and cesarean rates ≥30%. Eligible women were those giving birth at ≥20 weeks' gestation. One hospital transitioned to intervention every 2 months, according to a random sequence. The primary outcome was the cesarean rate among women in Robson Group 1 (that is, those who were nulliparous and gave birth to a singleton, term pregnancy in cephalic presentation and in spontaneous labor). A total of 26,331 participants gave birth. A 5.5% crude absolute reduction in the primary outcome was observed (45.2% versus 39.7%; relative risk 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.54-1.33). Maternal process-of-care outcomes were not significantly different, though labor augmentation with oxytocin was 18.0% lower with the LCG strategy. No differences were observed for other health outcomes or women's birth experiences. These findings can guide future definitive effectiveness trials, particularly in settings where urgent reversal of rising cesarean section rates is needed. Clinical Trials Registry India number: CTRI/2021/01/03069

ISSN 2347-954X (Print) Diagnostic Yield of Sputum Induction Using 3% Hypertonic Saline Nebulisation in Smear Negative Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Abstract: Tuberculosis has become the most important communicable disease in the world, with over 8 million cases of pulmonary tuberculosis occurring each year, 95% of which are in developing countries. Sputum smear examination is an important modality of diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis Smear negativity with clinical and radiological features of pulmonary tuberculosis is a common problem, sputum induction with 3% hypertonic saline helps in obtaining adequate yield of sputum and more chances of smear positivity. To find out the yield in diagnosis of smear negative suspected pulmonary tuberculosis by sputum induction using 3% hypertonic saline nebulisation. The study was carried out in Sri Adhi chunchungiri institute of medical science the study period was of 18 months from August 2011 to February 2013. 50 patients admitted with clinical and radiological features suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis was studied and investigations like blood routine, including ESR, ECG, chest X-ray, sputum induction, smear study by Zeil Neilson staining and sputum culture were be done to all the cases after sputum induction using 3% hypertonic saline nebulisation. Among 50 cases, 30(60%) cases were in the age group of 30 -60 years, 34(68%) cases were Males and 16 (32%) cases were females. 19 (38%) cases had no other associated diseases and 31(62%) cases had associated diseases like diabetes mellitus 12(24%), hypertension-15(30%), HIV-1(2%), IHD-2(4%), AF-1(2%). Cutaneous stigmata like lymph adenopathy, erythema nodosum, and lupus vulgaris were present in 10(20%) cases and absent 40(80%) cases. Out of 50 patients 14 patients had chest infiltrated, 33 patients had consolidation, 5 patients had cavity,8 had COPD and 1 patient had loculated empyema Induced sputum from 50 cases 8 cases were positive in Z-N staining and showed growth in L-J medium, thus giving yield of 16% both in staining and culture positivity. In conclusion the present study shows that sputum induction is safe, simple and cost effective method of obtaining adequate amount of quality sputum in patients, who are smear negative on spontaneously produced sputum or are unable to produce sputum. Most of the cases who were unable to produce adequate quantity of sputum have non-cavitatory lesions on chest X-ray

A STUDY OF FACIAL INDEX AMONG NORTH AND SOUTH INDIAN STUDENTS OF JSS MEDICAL COLLEGE

Introduction: Anthropology used for the identification and understanding of human physical features. It helps in classification of races and identification of human remains. Anthropometric measurements have direct correlation between sex, age, shape and various form. The facial anthropometric measurements helps to describe the racial and sexual difference. The facial index is the ratio of the maximum length of the face to its maximum width and multiplied by 10

Implementing the WHO Labour Care Guide to reduce the use of Caesarean section in four hospitals in India: protocol and statistical analysis plan for a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial

Plain language summary The new WHO Labour Care Guide (LCG) is an innovative partograph that emphasises women-centred, evidence-based care during labour and childbirth. Together with clinicians working at four hospitals in India, we will develop and test a strategy to implement the LCG into routine care in labour wards of these hospitals. We will use a randomised trial design where this LCG strategy is introduced sequentially in each of the four hospitals, in a random order. We will collect data on all women giving birth and their newborns during this period and analyse whether the LCG strategy has any effects on the use of Caesarean section, women’s and newborn’s health outcomes, and women’s experiences during labour and childbirth. While the trial is being conducted, we will also collect qualitative and quantitative data from doctors, nurses and midwives working in these hospitals, to understand their perspectives and experiences of using the LCG in their day-to-day work. In addition, we will collect economic data to understand how much the LCG strategy costs, and how much money it might save if it is effective. Through this study, our international collaboration will generate critical evidence and innovative tools to support implementation of the LCG in other countries