Distribution of genes encoding biofilm production in S. aureus isolated from raw milk in Kurdistan

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis. Several virulence factors are involved in mastitis. One of the important virulence factors is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilms. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharides and proteinaceous substances attached to the surfaces, leads to biofilm formation. In this study, a total of 120 raw milk samples was obtained from Kurdistan province and analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The presence of S. aureus was assessed by conventional culture method and confirmed by PCR assay. For this, nuc gene was exploited as the specific target sequence to detect S. aureus.  Moreover, Multiplex PCR was used to identify the presence of clfaB, fnbA, icaD and icaA genes which encode biofilm formation. Based on results, S. aureus was found in 49 (40.83%) of the samples. The frequency of each of the genes was determined as 69.38%, 32.6%, 38.77%, and 59.18 for fnbA, clfaB, icaD and icaA, respectively. Results revealed a high contamination rate of raw milks with S. aureus, and the ability of the isolates to form biofilms

Contamination of Fresh Beef to Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis in Sanandaj during 2012

Salmonella infection is among the main food-borne gastrointestinal disease. Meat has been recognized as a major source of human illness caused by Salmonella serovars. The presence of Salmonella was detected in 60 samples of fresh beef from retailsof Sanandaj. The presence of Salmonella was assessed by conventional culture method and confirmed by PCR assay. To confirm the identification of isolated colonies as Salmonella spp. and determining serovars as typhimuriumand enteritidisserovars, a multiplex PCR  assay, using three pairs of primers were employed. S141 and S139 for InvAgene, specific for the genus of Salmonella, Fli15 and Tym for FliCgene, specific for typhimurium serovar and Prot6e-5 and Prot6e-6 for Prot6E gene, specific for Enteritidisserovar.12 samples 20% were determined as contaminated with Salmonella sppwith microbial culture method but with PCR method only seven samples 11.66% were confirmed. 4 samples (6.6%) of isolated colonies were confirmed as SalmonellaTyphimuriumand  any number of isolated colonies were confirmed as Salmonella Enteritidis , the other isolated colonis were belong to other salmonella serovars. This study showed a relatively highprevalence of salmonella in fresh beef from Sanandaj