Problems facing water supply and sewage

Problems facing water supply and sewag

Promotion of healthier behaviours through school children

Studies carried out worldwide have shown that provision of safe water and sanitation facilities can only optimize a reduction of water and sanitation related diseases if sustainable changes in hygiene behaviour are achieved. Adoption of new behaviour is a difficult task in itself. The major objective of the Water and Sanitation Extension Programme (WASEP) is to significantly reduce diarrhoeal incidence in partner villages located in northern Pakistan. In order to achieve its objective, WASEP has been striving hard to bring about behavioural changes at grass-roots level, in addition to assisting communities to establish safe water and sanitation facilities. One of the most important initiatives towards this end has been the promotion of healthier behaviour through primary schools. This paper will describe and share the need, development and implementation, impact, and issues related to this initiative in the context of northern Pakistan

Sustaining quality by control of industrial discharges

Sustaining quality by control of industrial discharge

Increasing sewer longevity by septicity control

Increasing sewer longevity by septicity contro

Health and hygiene education programme: Northern Pakistan

Health and hygiene education programme: Northern Pakista

Community management of RWSS in Northern Pakistan

Donor funding made available to NGOs has considerably supplemented the efforts of the government agencies to facilitate rural communities with potable tap water. The national estimates of overall coverage of water supply and sanitation schemes in Pakistan for rural drinking water supply is 45% and 10% for water and sanitation respectively. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan shows a similar picture in that there is a 42% coverage for water and 20% for sanitation

Faecal contamination in water before and after intervention

Faecal contamination in water before and after interventio

Health impact of water supply and sanitation projects in Northern Pakistan

It is well established that lack of access to safe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices are responsible for the high prevalence of preventable diseases in developing countries. According to WHO/UNICEF, 4 billion cases of diarrhoea are reported in the world every year, with 2.2 million deaths annually, mostly among children under five. However, it has always been a major challenge to quantify the extent of impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene education interventions due to methodological complexities and confounding variables (Briscoe, Feachem, and Rahman, 1985; Cairncross, 1990; Esrey et al., 1991; Gorter and Sandiford, 1997). Major methodological flaws identified included the problems of (i) comparability of treatment and control groups, (ii) sample size required, (iii) misclassification bias, and (iv) recall bias in ascertaining disease status amongst others. Measurement of the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions becomes even more difficult, when implementing agencies set objectives/targets based on health impact e.g., reduction of water and sanitation related diseases. These difficulties stem from lack of resources both human and financial, operational difficulties, time limitation, and inability in implementing proposed plans due to factors falling beyond organisational control. The Water and Sanitation Extension Programme (WASEP) of the Aga Khan Planning and Building Service (AKPBS) is one implementing agency in Pakistan whose major objective is to reduce diarrhoeal diseases. WASEP has been implementing water and sanitation projects in northern Pakistan since 1998. This paper will describe how health impact is being measured at WASEP, and share issues and problems encountered in the process

Evolution of women's involvement in projects in N. Pakistan

Evolution of women's involvement in projects in N. Pakista

Ensuring sustainability through technical monitoring and evaluation

Ensuring sustainability through technical monitoring and evaluatio