A contemplating review on different synthesis methods of 2D-Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets

The current challenges arising from the rapid development in science and technology attracted researchers to focus on the development of new advanced materials like two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, which offer exceptional features that can be used to resolve different industrial problems, which include enhancing energy storage and conversion systems, improving electronic and optoelectronic devices, advancing catalysis and sensing applications, enabling flexible and transparent electronics, advancing healthcare technologies, and addressing environmental concerns such as pollution monitoring and remediation. There are many different layered-structure materials on earth. To get the desired form of these materials, various scientific approaches are applied in laboratories and processing industries. As a result, different methods have been developed for the synthesis of 2D materials. Among various 2D materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the emerging and promising transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials that has remarkable electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, MoS2 nanosheets, when incorporated in different materials, produce promising results, such as better catalytic activities, improved hydrogen production, a super-capacitive feature, and enhanced battery performances, etc. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on significant and practical techniques for synthesizing 2D-MoS2 nanosheets developed by different researchers over the years. We comprehensively discuss their applications, characteristics, as well as provide a brief introduction to the physical and chemical properties of 2D MoS2 nanosheets. Furthermore, we address the current challenges associated with the synthesis of these nanosheets. These discussions highlights that the choice of synthesis method mainly relies on factors such as material type, resources, complexity, environmental impact, scalability, cost, and desired properties of 2D MoS2 nanosheets. Additionally, this literature review also outlines future research directions aimed at overcoming these challenges and advancing synthesis processes to enable the economically feasible scaled-up production of 2D MoS2 nanosheets

Phosphorus and Serendipita indica synergism augments arsenic stress tolerance in rice by regulating secondary metabolism related enzymatic activity and root metabolic patterns

The multifarious problems created by arsenic (As), for collective environment and human health, serve a cogent case for searching integrative agricultural approaches to attain food security. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) acts as a sponge for heavy metal(loid)s accretion, specifically As, due to anaerobic flooded growth conditions facilitating its uptake. Acclaimed for their positive impact on plant growth, development and phosphorus (P) nutrition, ‘mycorrhizas’ are able to promote stress tolerance. Albeit, the metabolic alterations underlying Serendipita indica (S. indica; S.i) symbiosis-mediated amelioration of As stress along with nutritional management of P are still understudied. By using biochemical, RT-qPCR and LC-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics approach, rice roots of ZZY-1 and GD-6 colonized by S. indica, which were later treated with As (10 µM) and P (50 µM), were compared with non-colonized roots under the same treatments with a set of control plants. The responses of secondary metabolism related enzymes, especially polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in the foliage of ZZY-1 and GD-6 were enhanced 8.5 and 12-fold, respectively, compared to their respective control counterparts. The current study identified 360 cationic and 287 anionic metabolites in rice roots, and the commonly enriched pathway annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, which validated the results of biochemical and gene expression analyses associated with secondary metabolic enzymes. Particularly under As+S.i+P comparison, both genotypes exhibited an upregulation of key detoxification and defense related metabolites, including fumaric acid, L-malic acid, choline, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to name a few. The results of this study provided the novel insights into the promising role of exogenous P and S. indica in alleviating As stress