3-Ethyl-6-{1-[4-(2-methyl­prop­yl)phen­yl]eth­yl}-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thia­diazole

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C17H22N4S, the triazolothia­diazole ring system is essentially planar and forms a dihedral angle of 74.34 (6)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into chains running along the b axis by C—H⋯π inter­actions; adjacent chains are cross-linked via C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and short S⋯N contacts [3.2694 (14) and 3.2953 (14) Å]

2-(2-Methoxy­phen­yl)-4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole

In the title mol­ecule, C12H15NO2, the oxazole ring adopts an envelope conformation. Overall, the mol­ecule is approximately planar, the dihedral angle between the mean plane through all but the methyl­ene C atom of the five-membered ring and the aromatic ring being 8.6 (1)°. A weak C—H⋯O inter­action contributes to the stabilization of the crystal structure

(2E)-1-(4-Methyl­phen­yl)-3-(2,3,5-trichloro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C16H11Cl3O, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 33.2 (1)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Generation of continuous packed bed reactor with PVA–alginate blend immobilized Ochrobactrum sp. DGVK1 cells for effective removal of N,N-dimethylformamide from industrial effluents

Effective removal of Dimethylformamide (DMF), the organic solvent found in industrial effluents of textile and pharma industries, was demonstrated by using free and immobilized cells of Ochrobactrum sp. DGVK1, a soil isolate capable of utilizing DMF as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen. The free cells have efficiently removed DMF from culture media and effluents, only when DMF concentration was less than 1% (v/v). Entrapment of cells either in alginate or in Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) failed to increase tolerance limits. However, the cells of Ochrobactrum sp. DGVK1 entrapped in PVA–alginate mixed matrix tolerated higher concentration of DMF (2.5%, v/v) and effectively removed DMF from industrial effluents. As determined through batch fermentation, these immobilized cells have retained viability and degradability for more than 20 cycles. A continuous packed bed reactor, generated by using PVA–alginate beads, efficiently removed DMF from industrial effluents, even in the presence of certain organic solvents frequently found in effluents along with DMF

Paracoccus denitrificans SD1 mediated augmentation with indigenous mixed cultures for enhanced removal of N,N-dimethylformamide from industrial effluents

Bioaugmentation is an effective treatment method to reduce recalcitrant pollutants from polluted sites. Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a very common toxic organic solvent among the effluents of textile and pharma industries. DMF was degraded by pre-adapted Paracoccus denitrificans SD1 with indigenous mixed cultures in both bioaugmentation and non-bioaugmentation conditions. In free cell condition, augmentation was not much significant due to competition among the bacterial cells and direct exposure of cells to toxic level of DMF. To enhance the degradation of DMF, cells were entrapped in PVA–alginate matrix individually and collectively for bioaugmentation experiments. Bioaugmentation is successful when immobilized P. denitrificans SD1 is introduced higher inoculum volume with indigenous cultures in continuous packed bed reactor system. This treatment has succeeded in removing 91.3% of 3% (v/v) DMF from the industrial effluent. This investigation advocates that bioaugmentation enhances the DMF removal efficiency by about 20% when compared to individual degradation by P. denitrificans SD1