Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Phenomenon - A case of the widening eye

Marcus Gunn jaw winking phenomenon is a congenital synkinetic movement due to synkinesis between the upper eyelid and the pterygoids and it accounts for 8% of patients with congenital ptosis. In rare instances, ptosis may be absent. We present a case of Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking phenomenon without ptosis at presentatio

Amir Khusrau’s Contributions to Indian Music: A Preliminary Survey

In this paper we attempt the beginning of a critical study of Amir Khusrau’s contributions to Indian music. A very important book Hazrat Amīr Khusro kā ‘ilm-e-musīqī (The Music of Amir Khusrau), by Rashid Malik, exists in Urdu, which deals extensively with this subject. Unfortunately it is still unavailable in English. This paper draws heavily on Janab Rashid Malik's work, but also includes some original arguments

The Indian Oboe Reexamined

In this article we propose to reignite a debate regarding the origin shawm (śahnāī or surnā) that had been started by Nazir Jairazbhoy in 1970 , and taken up by him again in 1980, in response to interesting suggestions by Deva and Dick

Jinnah: The Name

In this article, we attempt to resolve only one of the many controversies centered round Muhammad Ali Jinnah – one involving his last name. (page nos.520-526, Reddy Smriti: exploring the Indian past (commemoration volume in honor of Dr.Y. Gopal Reddy). P. Chenna Reddy, ed., B R Publishing Corporation, New Delhi

The Neglected Hindu Period of Pakistani History

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country by population (next to Indonesia), but for the larger part of its history it has been inhabited by Hindus and Buddhists. When India was partitioned in 1947, into a residual India (with a Hindu majority) and Pakistan (with a Muslim majority), the fate of the minorities in the two countries took very different turns. India turned into a secular democracy, with a Muslim population that has increased in percentage. The population of Hindus in Pakistan, however, declined precipitously, and has now reached demographically insignificant proportions. With the physical disappearance of the Hindus in Pakistan, the memory of their residence as autochthons throughout the length and breadth of Pakistan has also begun to fade. This process has been consciously accentuated by the educational policies of the establishment, and even the work of otherwise responsible historians. Unlike the situation in neighbouring India, the voices of the minorities are not heard clearly, even in the rare cases when they are not actively suppressed. This paper is a study of the difficulties that bedevil the historiography of the Hindu period of Pakistani history

Treatment of dental complications in sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is the most common single gene disorder and the commonest haemoglobinopathy found with high prevalence in many populations across the world. Management of dental complications in people with sickle cell disease requires special consideration for three main reasons. Firstly, dental and oral tissues are affected by the blood disorder resulting in several oro-facial abnormalities. Secondly, living with a haemoglobinopathy and coping with its associated serious consequences may result in individuals neglecting their oral health care. Finally, the treatment of these oral complications must be adapted to the systemic condition and special needs of these individuals, in order not to exacerbate or deteriorate their general health.Guidelines for the treatment of dental complications in this population who require special care are unclear and even unavailable in many aspects. Hence this review was undertaken to provide a basis for clinical care by investigating and analysing the existing evidence in the literature for the treatment of dental complications in people with sickle cell disease. OBJECTIVES: To assess methods of treating dental complications in people with sickle cell disease. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books.Date of last search: 11 April 2016.Additionally, we searched nine online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Literature in the Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean database, African Index Medicus, Index Medicus for South East Asia Region, Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Indexing of Indian Medical Journals). We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews and contacted haematologists, experts in fields of dentistry, organizations, pharmaceutical companies and researchers working in this field.Date of last search: 03 March 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for published or unpublished randomised controlled studies of treatments for dental complications in people with sickle cell disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors intended to independently extract data and assess the risk of bias of the included studies using standard Cochrane methodologies; however, no studies were identified for inclusion in the review. MAIN RESULTS: No randomised controlled studies were identified. AUTHORS\u27 CONCLUSIONS: This Cochrane review did not identify any randomised controlled studies assessing interventions for the treatment of dental complications in people with sickle cell disease. There is an important need for randomised controlled studies in this area, so as to identify the most effective and safe method for treating dental complications in people with sickle cell disease

Ecological status of the lion-tailed Macaque and its rainforest habitats in Karnataka, India

This article does not have an abstract

MULTIPLE PROTEINOPATHIES AND THEIR ROLE IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Most age-related neurodegenerative disorders are associated with the aggregation of misfolded and aberrant proteins. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and is highly prevalent in older adults. Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Other misfolded proteins, including α-synuclein and transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), are also commonly observed in aged brains. Aberrant α-synuclein has been associated with Parkinson\u27s disease, Dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, whereas TDP-43 has been associated with multiple neurological diseases, the most common of which was designated as limbic-predominant, age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). Each neurodegenerative disorder exhibits aggregation of specific proteins, but very commonly there is an aggregation of multiple proteinopathies. The three studies in this dissertation are focused on the co-existence of multiple proteinopathies. The primary data were drawn from the University of Kentucky Alzheimer’s Disease research center (UK- ADRC), and additionally, for the second study, we used data drawn from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC). While in the third study, the participants from UK-ADRC were linked to the Kentucky Cancer Registry to obtain data regarding their history of cancer, along with additional details such as cancer site, stage, and treatment received. In the first study, “Prevalence and Clinical Phenotype of Quadruple Misfolded Proteins in Older Adults,” using brain autopsy data from 375 older adults, quadruple misfolded proteins (tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein, and transactive response DNA-binding protein 43) were commonly detected. Mild cognitive impairment transitioned to dementia most rapidly for those with all four proteinopathies, which were present in 19% of individuals with dementia. Overall, 12% of cases had QMP, while 38% had three proteinopathies. Dementia frequency was highest among those with QMP (89%), and participants with QMP had the lowest final mean MMSE (Mean=13.4, SD=9.8). Adjusting for age and sex, ≥1 apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4) allele was associated with higher odds of QMP (OR=2.55; 95% CI, 1.16, 5.62, P= 0.02). The QMP group had both the lowest probability of having normal MMSE, even 12 years before death and the highest probability of having severe impairment on the MMSE. In the second study, “Four common late-life cognitive trajectories patterns associate with replicable underlying neuropathologies,” using group-based multi-trajectory models we found evidence that there are distinct, common trajectories that define the end of life cognition. The four distinct subgroups were determined by the shape of the trajectories using scores from the Mini-Mental State Examination, Logical Memory, and Animal Naming tests obtained in the last ten years of life; trajectories were labeled as No decline, Mild decline, Moderate decline, and Accelerated decline. The Accelerated and the Moderate decline groups were associated with lower age at death, lower educational attainment, higher Braak NFT stage, and more frequent hippocampal sclerosis and TDP-43 proteinopathy. Further, we validated the models using the NACC data. In the third study, “Cancer history associates with a lower burden of dementia and Alzheimer’s-type neuropathology in autopsied research volunteers.” History of cancer was reported in 190 (24.2%) participants. The prevalence of ≥1 APOE ε4 allele was lower among the participants with cancer history compared to cancer-free participants (32.6% vs 42.0%). Participants with cancer history had significantly lower odds of MCI/dementia at the last UK-ADRC visit (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.64; P \u3c 0.0001), and had a reduced burden of AD neuropathological changes in the brain. Additionally, the change in cognitive test scores from baseline to the last available assessment showed relatively less decline in the participants with a cancer history. The examination of AD-associated genes showed that history of cancer was inversely associated with ≥1 APOE ε4 allele and higher odds of T allele of SNP rs11136000 located in the CLU gene on chromosome 8

Analysis of ketamine and xylazine in fur and bones using multidimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

While ketamine is traditionally administered for anesthesia or pain management, illicit usage is often seen in forensic cases either as a recreational drug or as a tool in drug-facilitated sexual assault. Xylazine is an anesthetic agent used in veterinary medicine and does not have FDA approval for use in humans. However, it has recently been observed as a cutting agent in heroin. Post-mortem specimens present many challenges when it comes to toxicological analysis. Due to compound degradation and decomposition factors, analytes present at trace levels may be missed in blood and urine. Hair, bone, and insects have recently been investigated as alternative matrices for postmortem analysis due to their increased durability compared to more traditional matrices. However, this durability increases the difficulties in extracting and isolating compounds of interest from these matrices via traditional extraction and chromatography methods. These methods require lengthy extraction times and extensive cleanup steps in order to obtain samples suitable for analysis. Utilizing multiple instrumentation combinations, analysts are able to detect compounds at trace levels. Through the use of multidimensional chromatography, several time-consuming extraction steps can be eliminated while still retaining the ability of trace level detection and quantitation. Using Waters Oasis® HLB PRiME solid phase extraction cartridges using a methanol pH10 loading and an acetonitrile pH3 elution, a solvent extraction yielded linear dynamic ranges of 2pg/mL-1ng/mL and 5pg/mL-1ng/mL for xylazine and ketamine respectively. Rat specimens utilized in this project were treated as per an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocol. The test rodents received an acute dosage of 2mg/mL of xylazine and 24mg/mL of ketamine approximately half an hour prior to death. The 14 test samples were placed outside directly on the ground at the Boston University Forensic Anthropology Outdoor Research Facility (Holliston, MA, U.S.A.) for a period of 6 months. A 15th rat was kept in -20°C until analysis to serve as a Time=0 sample. The outdoor samples were recovered and de-fleshed along with the Time=0 sample manually. Drug-free hair samples were donated anonymously as per Internal Review Board (IRB) protocols