Analysis of world practices for stimulating the development of renewable energy sources. A case study for Russian conditions

This document analysis the methods of stimulating renewable energy (RES) in various countries, describes the barriers and problems that hinder the development of alternative energy. Studies conducted in countries with a developed renewable energy sector will allow us to conclude that the development incentive systems (Feed-in-tariff (FIT), Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RSP), auctions, reverse auctions and various tax incentives) have had the required impact and the government of such countries has moved to establish parity between renewable and traditional energy, as well as to optimize the systems for promoting the development of clean energy. Green energy in countries that are actively developing renewable energy are building models and infrastructures based on the experience and methods of solving the problems of countries with a developed RES support system

Electrification of Rural Remote Areas Using Renewable Energy Sources: Literature Review

The current stage of development of autonomous energy systems is characterized by a rapid increase in renewable energy sources’ installed capacity. Such growth is observed both in centralized and isolated energy systems. Renewable energy sources show high efficiency in the electrification of rural remote settlements around the world. The power of such power complexes varies from several kilowatts to tens of megawatts. When solving the problems of rural remote settlements electrification, the main issues of optimizing the composition of equipment and the structure of the energy systems play an extremely important role. Moreover, depending on the specifications of the problem being solved, criteria for evaluating efficiency are used, which are different. For example, the following are used as objective functions: minimization of the levelized cost of energy and fossil fuel consumption; maximizing the standard of people living and reliability indicators; the payback period of the project and other indicators. Various combinations of objective functions and the solution to the multi-criteria optimization problem are possible. Moreover, an important stage in the development of renewable energy in remote rural areas is the availability of new mechanisms to support an environmentally friendly generation. These mechanisms can be used in solving problems of optimizing the structure and composition of energy equipment in remote power systems. The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate the world practices of optimal design of isolated energy systems. The review includes both the main questions that arise when solving such problems, and specific problems that require a more detailed analysis of the object of study

Reliability level research in distribution electrical networks of Irkutsk

Forecasting of level of reliability of power supply of consumers is one of the major tasks at implementation of actions for improvement of operational characteristics of distribution electrical networks. On the one hand, assessment of damageability allows to develop a number of actions for increase in reliability of electric equipment and elements of electrical networks, with another, to create a stock of that equipment which is subject to risk of premature failure. The purpose of the present article is implementation of statistical assessment of damageability of basic elements of distribution electrical networks of 10 kV on the basis of the predicted information on possible refusals in these networks. The main objectives for achievement of the specified purpose are: 1. Implementation of preventive assessment of refusals in electrical networks on the basis of data of dispatching magazines of observations; 2. Statistical assessment of casual events of failures of electric equipment and detection of their laws of distribution

Increasing Storage Battery Lifetime in Autonomous Photovoltaic Systems with Power Generation Structure Varying Throughout the Year

This paper substantiates the use of photovoltaic systems with power generation structure varying throughout the year. This research topic emerged from an in-depth analysis of the operating modes of autonomous photovoltaic systems located in Siberia and the Russian Far East. The paper gives a detailed and concise description of a methodology for modelling such a system with account of issues relating to the operational sustainability of diesel and solar power stations in autumn and winter. In spring and summer, autonomous photovoltaic systems operate using the standard power accumulation algorithm whereas the diesel power station serves as a stand-by power source thereby increasing the lifetime of storage batteries, reducing the number of their replacements and cutting down costs through discounting. The overall levelized cost of energy drops off significantly too. The paper presents the results of modelling an actual autonomous energy system in which a solar power station equipped with storage batteries is planned to be constructed in the near future. The modelling results revealed that using a structure varying throughout the year increases storage battery lifetime from 6 to 11 years, and there is only one (instead of three) replacement throughout the life of the batteries. The obtained results have been taken into consideration and are to be put into practice in setting up the photovoltaic system under review. The presented approach is versatile and can be used to analyze various photovoltaic systems

Power quality and losses in 0.38 kV rural distribution networks

The guidelines for the design of rural and urban power supply systems do not consider the issues of reactive power compensation and reduction in additional losses due to unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions. At the same time, today’s rural power consumers have a great number of non-linear loads in their residential premises. Moreover, the unbalanced phase currents and voltages are an established fact. The paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which power quality and losses vary in real rural 0.38 kV networks. To this end, the objectives were posed to study the operation of two facilities: 1- switchgear at the cottage (with an installed capacity of 15 kW); 2- switchgear at the communal entrance hallway for 60 apartments in an apartment building (with an installed capacity of 75 kW)

Power quality and losses in 0.38 kV rural distribution networks

The guidelines for the design of rural and urban power supply systems do not consider the issues of reactive power compensation and reduction in additional losses due to unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions. At the same time, today’s rural power consumers have a great number of non-linear loads in their residential premises. Moreover, the unbalanced phase currents and voltages are an established fact. The paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which power quality and losses vary in real rural 0.38 kV networks. To this end, the objectives were posed to study the operation of two facilities: 1- switchgear at the cottage (with an installed capacity of 15 kW); 2- switchgear at the communal entrance hallway for 60 apartments in an apartment building (with an installed capacity of 75 kW)

Модель оптимизации надежности автономной электроэнергетической системы с ограничениями на динамическую устойчивость ветрогенератора

The relevance of the study is due to the development herein of a model for reliability optimization of stand-alone power systems with wind turbines and electrochemical power storage devices, with special emphasis within this model put on the specifics of power equipment operation. The key feature of the model developed is that it enables us to factor in the requirements to be met by the equipment as arising from the considerations of dynamic stability of the stand-alone system. When simulating battery storage operating modes, the charge-discharge limits as well as the remaining charge in the storage are taken into account. Thus, the reduction of the total number of considered mixes of the equipment being commissioned is achieved, the computational efficiency of the reliability optimization method is increased, while the validity of modeling results is improved. Development of methods for optimization of reliability of stand-alone electric power systems with wind turbine installations and electrochemical power storage devices while meeting requirements for electrodynamic stability. A stand-alone power system that is assumed to be located in the coastal area of Lake Baikal in the Kabansky State Nature Reserve, Republic of Buryatia, Russia, serves as the object of the study. Calculations are based on multiple simulation of modes of operation of the electric power system by means of the Monte Carlo method. The values of random variables are modeled as per specified laws of distribution and fault rate indicators of power equipment. Modeling of power generation at wind turbines is based on a detailed analysis of real-life weather data (average hourly wind speed, air density and humidity). The method of reliability optimization of stand-alone power systems with wind turbines and electrochemical energy storage devices was developed so as to take into account the requirements to be met by electric power equipment in terms of dynamic stability. The optimization criterion is the minimum expected value of the cost of produced electricity. Power redundanct and energy storage devices are used as means of reliability assurance. The results of calculations attest to the fact that for the natural and climatic zone under consideration, the use of vertical axis wind turbines in a stand-alone power system proves more efficient than the use of horizontal axis wind turbinesАктуальность исследования обусловлена разработкой в данной работе модели оптимизации надежности автономных энергосистем с ветрогенераторами и электрохимическими накопителями энергии, при этом особое внимание в рамках данной модели уделяется специфике эксплуатации энергетического оборудования. Ключевая особенность разработанной модели заключается в том, что она позволяет учитывать требования, предъявляемые к оборудованию, как вытекающие из соображений динамической устойчивости автономной системы. При моделировании режимов работы аккумуляторных батарей учитываются пределы заряда- разряда, а также оставшийся заряд в накопителе. Таким образом, достигается сокращение общего числа рассматриваемых вариантов вводимого в эксплуатацию оборудования, повышается вычислительная эффективность метода оптимизации надежности и повышается достоверность результатов моделирования. Цель: разработка методов оптимизации надежности автономных электроэнергетических систем ветроэнергетическими установками и электрохимическими накопителями энергии при соблюдении требований к электродинамической устойчивости. Объектом исследования является автономная энергосистема, предположительно расположенная в прибрежной зоне озера Байкал в Кабанском государственном природном заповеднике Республики Бурятия. Расчеты основаны на многократном моделировании режимов работы электроэнергетической системы методом Монте-Карло. Значения случайных величин моделируются в соответствии с заданными законами распределения и показателями аварийности энергетического оборудования. Моделирование выработки электроэнергии на ветрогенераторах основано на детальном анализе реальных погодных данных (среднечасовая скорость ветра, плотность и влажность воздуха). Разработана методика оптимизации надежности автономных энергосистем с ветрогенераторами и электрохимическими накопителями энергии с учетом требований, предъявляемых к электроэнергетическому оборудованию с точки зрения динамической устойчивости. Критерием оптимизации является минимальное ожидаемое значение себестоимости произведенной электроэнергии. В качестве средств обеспечения надежности используются устройства резервирования мощности и накопления энергии. Результаты расчетов свидетельствуют о том, что для рассматриваемой природно- климатической зоны использование ветрогенераторов с вертикальной осью в автономной энергосистеме оказывается более эффективным, чем использование ветрогенераторов с горизонтальной ось