Understanding Slovakian Gas Well Performance and Capability through ArcGIS System Mapping

There are two important territories in Slovakia with functioning gas well operations: the Eastern Slovak Lowland and the Vienna Basin. This article focuses on the creation of electronic monitoring and graphical mapping of the current technical conditions of gas wells in the Eastern Slovak Lowland. An analysis of the gas wells’ current state in the terrain is available. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the current state of gas wells, such as the insufficient processing of gas wells, the lack of summary and uniform records concerning them, and the lack of an electronic system for monitoring the technical security of the wells. The scientific contribution of this article lies in its ability to interpret and address operational problems related to gas wells. Through analogy, the step algorithm expresses the possibility of also using gas wells for oil, geothermal and hydrogeological wells. The intention was to highlight the importance of the need to create a database for the security and strategic needs of the state regarding the storage of natural gas. As of yet, no computer or graphic system has been used in Slovakia to monitor, unify and clarify the actual technical condition of gas wells. Using the ArcGIS electronic and graphical software tool, the mapping and recording of gas wells was carried out in the area under investigation. The mapping was completed with the mentioned technical patterns. These patterns have the information found on individual gas wells. After the information is added to the database, this mapping can also be carried out in another important area with functioning gas wells, such as in the Vienna Basin, which could be another theme for further research in this area

Badanie z użyciem XPS (roentgenowskiej spektroskopii fotoelektronowej) usuwania jonów z wody za pomocą zeolitów i bentonitów

Zeolites as a member of family of hydrated aluminosilicate minerals contains alkali and alkaline-earth metals. They are noted for their lability toward ion-exchange and reversible dehydration. Their framework structure encloses interconnected cavities occupied by large metal cations and water molecules. Bentonites are clays generated frequently from the alteration of volcanic ash, consisting predominantly of smectite minerals, usually montmorillonite. They present strong colloidal properties and its volume increases several times when coming into contact with water, creating a gelatinous and viscous fluid. The special properties of bentonite (hydration, swelling, water absorption, viscosity, thixotropy) make it a valuable material for a wide range of uses and applications. The purpose of this paper is to document an ability of a zeolite and bentonite to remove iron ions and various other pollutants from water. The surface analysis of zeolite and bentonite was performed by the very sensitive analytical device – XPS (X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy).Zeolity należą do rodziny uwodnionych minerałów glinowokrzemianowych, zawierających metale alkaliczne oraz alkaliczno-ziemne. Są zauważane ze względu na ich zdolność wymiany jonowej oraz odwrotnej dehydratacji. Ich struktura zawiera wewnętrznie połączone wgłębienia zajęte przez duże kationy metali oraz cząsteczki wody. Bentonity to iły tworzone często poprzez alterację popiołu wulkanicznego, zawierające głównie minerały smektytu a zazwyczaj montmorillonitu. Wykazują silne właściwości koloidalne a ich objętość wzrasta kilkukrotnie podczas wejścia w kontakt z wodą, tworząc w ten sposób galaretowatą i lepką ciecz. Specjalne właściwości bentonitu (hydratacja, puchnięcie, absorpcja wody, lepkość, tiksotropia) powodują, że jest to cenny materiał dla szerokiej gamy zastosowań. Celem tego artykułu jest udokumentowanie zdolności zeolitów oraz bentonitów do usuwania jonów żelaza oraz różnych innych zanieczyszczeń z wody. Analiza powierzchni zeolitu i bentonitu została wykonana za pomocą bardzo czułego urządzenia analitycznego – XPS (roentgenowska spektroskopia fotoelektronowa)