ELECTRO COAGULATION TREATMENT ON TANNERY BEAM HOUSE- SOAK LIQUOR BY HYBRID ELECTRODE COMBINATIONS

Waste water released from beam house operation of soaking process contains different kind of pollutants such as protein, lipids, greases and hairs produce high amounts of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biological Oxygen Demand. Mainly tannery industries in TamilNadu, India follow solar evaporation pans. The waste water coming from soaking process contains high amount of Chemical Oxygen Demand and chloride concentration. The research work focus on soak processing waste water coming out from tannery industry by Electro Coagulation process using different electrodes. The removal efficiency only determined for Chemical Oxygen Demand and compared by different anode/cathode combinations Al/Fe, Fe/Graphite, Pt/Fe and Fe/Zn investigated

Study on the Behavior of Cold-formed Steel Angle Tension Members

Cold-formed steel tension members with bolted end connections are frequently used in a variety of structures such as trusses, transmission towers etc. Among all the shapes, angles are widely used. When angle sections are connected with gusset plates and eccentrically loaded, their ultimate load- carrying capacity is influenced by the effect of shear lag. This paper presents the details of an experimental and numerical investigation with a primary objective of studying the effect of shear lag on cold-formed steel single and double angles subjected to tension. Seventy-two single plain and lipped angles made from thicknesses 2,3 and 4 mm connected to gusset plates at their ends by ordinary black bolts were tested. Forty-eight double angles of 3 and 4 mm thicknesses connected to the opposite side of gusset plate and to the same side of the gusset plate at their ends by black bolts were also tested. All the one hundred and twenty specimens were tested in an Universal Testing machine subjected to eccentric tensile load. From the test results, load vs deflection behaviour and the failure modes were studied. The actual load carried by the specimen was compared with the theoretical load carrying capacity predicted by International codal provisions and with the load carrying capacity predicted by numerical investigation by ANSYS. An empirical equation is proposed to determine the load-carrying capacity of the cold-formed steel angles and the predicted values agree with the experimental results

Design and Implementation of an Intelligent PI Controller for a Real Time Non Linear pH Neutralization Process

In many chemical processes, pH is one of the most important parameter and control of the pH is highly non linear due to the complex nature of processes. PID controllers are widely used in process industries to control linear, non-linear and stable, unstable systems. Selection of the suitable controller tuning procedure is important to improve the performance of the PID controller and hence the process variable can be controlled in better manner. In this work, Firefly Algorithm (FA) based intelligent PI controller is attempted for a Non Linear pH control process in real time. The effectiveness of the FA controller is studied in the selected operating regions and the results are validated with Relay Feedback (RFB) method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method based controllers in the simulation environment. The simulation results indicated that the steady state performance and error performance indices of the FA controller are better than the RFB and PSO controller in the selected operating regions. The FA controller is also implemented in the real time laboratory pH control system, the results confirm that the servo response and regulatory response of the proposed intelligent controller provides better performance with the FA based PI Controllers

Techniques for the mass culture of rotifers and moina

Successful hatchery production of fish and shellfish seeds for aquaculture depends on the availability of suitable live feed organisms

Stormwater sand filters in water-sensitive urban design

This paper investigates the suitability of sand filters for harvesting and treating stormwater for non-potable reuse purposes. A stormwater sand filtration device was constructed in a small urban catchment in Sydney, Australia. A sand filter is typically used in water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) as a component of a treatment train to remove pollution from stormwater before discharge to receiving waters, to groundwater or for collection and reuse. This paper describes an 18 month field study undertaken to determine the effectiveness and pollutant removal efficiency of a sand filter, and the differences in the pollutant removal efficiency of two grades of sand. A comparison of pollutant removal with previous literature on sand filters showed similar efficiencies but nutrient removal was higher than expected. A further unexpected result was that the coarse filter media performed as well as the fine media for most pollutant types and was superior in suspended solids removal. Improved modelling equations for predicting suspended solids and total phosphorus removal in sand filters are also presented in this paper

Foam-mat Drying of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) using Glycerol monostearate as Foaming Agent

The study was carried out to production of papaya powder using glycerol mono-stearate as foaming agent under foam-mat drying technique. Foaming, drying, reconstitution, quality and sensory attributes of dried papaya powder were investigated. Foams were prepared from papaya pulp by adding different concentration of glycerol monostearate (1, 2, 3 and 4% w/w) at whipping time of 5, 10 and 15 min. The foam expansion was significantly influenced by pulp concentration and levels of the foaming agent at 1% level. The maximum stable foam formation was 90% at 3% glycerol monostearate with 9°Brix pulp concentration and whipping time of 10 min. The resulting foams were dried at air temperatures of 60, 65 and 70°C with foam thickness of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm in a batch type cabinet dryer under air flow rate of 2.25 m3/min. Lower drying temperature and higher foam thickness resulted in longer drying time. Biochemical and sensory properties of fresh papaya fruit and reconstituted juice from foam-mat dried papaya powder were determined. Biochemical analysis results showed a significant (P?0.05) reduction in ascorbic acid, ?-carotene and total sugars in the foamed papaya dried product at higher foam thickness (6 and 8 mm) and temperature (65 and 70°C due to destruction at higher drying temperature and increasing time. There was no significant change in other biochemical constituents such as pH and acidity. The sensory attributes of papaya powder juice were significantly (P?0.01) influenced by drying temperature and was compared with fresh papaya juice. The papaya powder obtained from the foam thickness of 4 mm and dried at 60°C was found to be optimum to produce the foam-mat dried papaya powder. Keywords: papaya pulp, glycerol monostearate, whipping, foam expansion, foam thickness, drying, moisture conten

Deep bed filter as pre-treatment to stormwater

This paper presents the results of experiments on the application of dual media and single media deep bed filters as pre-treatments to stormwater. In-line flocculation-filtration experiments were conducted with dual and single media filter. The single filter media (80 cm) consisted of either anthracite or sand, and the dual media filter consisted of sand (40 cm at the bottom) and anthracite (40 cm on top). Filtration velocities of 5 m/h, 10 m/h and 15 m/h were examined. The removal efficiency for turbidity, suspended solids and TOC was found to be 95%, 99% and 30-45% respectively at a flocculant dose of FeCl3 of 15 mg/L. The anthracite filter media showed a lower head loss development (26 cm, operated at 5 m/h filtration velocity with FeCl3 dose of 5 mg/L). The removal efficiency for nitrogen was lower than phosphorus which was relatively good (up to 50%). The removal efficiency for heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni was found to be very low for all tested filtration systems because concentrations of these metals in the influent were also low. This filter can be used as a pretreatment to a membrane filter as the modified fouling index was reduced from 750 s/L2 (for stormwater) to 15 s/L2 (for filtered effluent). Detailed submerged membrane filter experiments conducted with pre-treated water showed that the membrane filter can be successfully be used as post-treatment to in-line flocculant-filter at a sustainable flux of 10 L/m2.h to remove the remaining solids and pathogens. An increase of air scouring in the membrane unit decreased the pressure development although it did not have any effect on increasing the critical flux beyond 10 L/m2.h. © 2009 Desalination Publications

Floral Biology and Breeding System of Garcinia Imberti Bourd.-A Critically Endangered Tree Species of Western Ghats, Kerala, India

Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important to understand the reproduction of plant populations. Garcinia imberti belongs to the family Clusiaceae is a critically endangered tree species of Agasthyamalai hills and endemic to Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Present study is to investigate the floral biology and breeding system during 2012-13. The tree species is dioecious. The peak of male and female flowering was observed in Feb-May, but the male flowers were observed one week before the female flower. Female flowers are significantly larger than the male flower. Both sexual morphs have four petals and four sepals in imbricated arrangement. Controlled pollination experiment showed that Garcinia imberti was a self-incompatible species that produced fruits through cross-pollination. According to the field observations after pollination treatments fruit setting was observed as 53.33%, 30.00%, and 36.67% in cross pollination, apomixis and open pollination respectively. This indicates a functionally dioecious mating system and pollination limited fruit set in Garcinia imberti. Female flower bear fruits with 1-2 seeds. Floral visitors observed in only in male flowers. These are not pollinators and they never observed on female flowers

The plasma nitric oxide and homocysteine levels and their association with insulin resistance in South Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Background: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit features of the metabolic syndrome apart from low-grade chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction and may be at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Nitric oxide (NO) and Homocysteine (Hcy) are important plasma markers of endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of atherosclerosis. There are no Indian studies on NO and Hcy levels in women with PCOS and their association with Insulin Resistance (IR). Therefore the present study is to estimate plasma levels of NO and Hcy in south Indian women with PCOS and association with insulin resistance.Methods: 104 women with PCOS and 95 healthy age matched control subject were enrolled in the study. Standard physical methods and Chemiluminescent Immunoassay technique were employed for estimation of Anthropometric parameter and plasma sex hormones respectively. Fasting insulin, glucose, NO and Hcy were measured by standard methods. Insulin resistance was evaluated by using Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA- IR)Results: Women with PCOS had significantly higher insulin resistance (P<0.01), Hcy (p<0.05) and lower NO levels (P<0.05), IR was positively correlated with Hcy (r= 0.610, p<0.01) and negatively correlated with NO (r= -0.285; p<0.01)Conclusions: Our data revealed that South Indian women with PCOS had elevated IR and homocyeteine and lowered NO levels

Ultraflitration of wastewater with pretreatment: evaluation of flux decline models

Three different mathematical models relating the flux decline were investigated to quantify the effects of pretreatment in a membrane filtration system. The models used are empirical flux decline model, series resistance flux decline model and modified series resistance flux decline model. A cross flow ultrafiltration unit was used to study flux decline and organic removal from synthetic wastewater. Flocculation and adsorption pretreatments were carried out with ferric chloride (FeCl3) and activated carbon of different doses. The three models could predict flux decline after different pretreatments and could be used as a pretreatment index to ultrafiltration. © 2008