デザイン リロン 11ゴウ モクジ

This review briefly surveys, with an emphasis on the author’s works, porous monoliths tailored by liquid-phase synthesis. Porous structures ranging from mesopore to macropore regions are induced in sol–gel polymerizing systems, which yield various porous materials such as inorganic oxides, organic–inorganic hybrids, crosslinked polymers, and carbons. It should particularly be noted that the networks must be homogeneous enough to obtain monolithic materials with fine pore structures, and for this purpose, the chemical reactions must be carefully designed and controlled. With exemplifying alkoxy-derived sol–gel systems and controlled/living radical polymerization systems, pore formations and applications of resultant materials are demonstrated

Pore properties of hierarchically porous carbon monoliths with high surface area obtained from bridged polysilsesquioxanes

Hierarchically porous carbon monoliths with high specific surface area have been prepared via a nano-phase extraction technique from carbon/silica composites which had been prepared from arylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes. The nano-sized silica phase developed in the composite has been removed to increase micropores, resulting in a similar effect to thermal activation of carbons. The resultant carbons are expected to possess homogeneously distributed micropores. Here we report the changes of the pore characteristics through the synthesis process by the nitrogen adsorption–desorption method and mercury porosimetry. In particular, the growth of silica phase in carbon/silica composites at different temperatures has been characterized by the micropore analysis using the Horváth-Kawazoe method

Sol–gel based structural designs of macropores and material shapes of metal–organic framework gels

We have developed a general synthetic strategy to control macroporous structures and material shapes of metal–organic framework (MOF) gels via a sol–gel based structural control process. A series of 1, 3, 5-benzene tricarboxylic acid (BTC) based MOF gels, Cr-BTC and Zr-BTC, have been chosen as a proof of concept

Highly porous melamine-formaldehyde monoliths with controlled hierarchical porosity toward application as a metal scavenger

We report a new synthetic strategy for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) monoliths with controlled hierarchical porosity toward metal-ion scavengers. The obtained MF monoliths possessed micro-, meso- and macroporosity, which allowed efficient adsorption performance of precious metal ions in water. Applications such as recovery/removal of metal ions are expected

High-performance liquid chromatography separation of unsaturated organic compounds by a monolithic silica column embedded with silver nanoparticles.

Article first published online: 15 JUL 2015The optimization of a porous structure to ensure good separation performances is always a significant issue in high-performance liquid chromatography column design. Recently we reported the homogeneous embedment of Ag nanoparticles in periodic mesoporous silica monolith and the application of such Ag nanoparticles embedded silica monolith for the high-performance liquid chromatography separation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. However, the separation performance remains to be improved and the retention mechanism as compared with the Ag ion high-performance liquid chromatography technique still needs to be clarified. In this research, Ag nanoparticles were introduced into a macro/mesoporous silica monolith with optimized pore parameters for high-performance liquid chromatography separations. Baseline separation of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene was achieved with the theoretical plate number for analyte naphthalene as 36, 000 m(-1). Its separation function was further extended to cis/trans isomers of aromatic compounds where cis/trans stilbenes were chosen as a benchmark. Good separation of cis/trans-stilbene with separation factor as 7 and theoretical plate number as 76, 000 m(-1) for cis-stilbene was obtained. The trans isomer, however, is retained more strongly, which contradicts the long- established retention rule of Ag ion chromatography. Such behavior of Ag nanoparticles embedded in a silica column can be attributed to the differences in the molecular geometric configuration of cis/trans stilbenes

Nanocellulose Xerogels With High Porosities and Large Specific Surface Areas

Xerogels are defined as porous structures that are obtained by evaporative drying of wet gels. One challenge is producing xerogels with high porosity and large specific surface areas, which are structurally comparable to supercritical-dried aerogels. Herein, we report on cellulose xerogels with a truly aerogel-like porous structure. These xerogels have a monolithic form with porosities and specific surface areas in the ranges of 71–76% and 340–411 m2/g, respectively. Our strategy is based on combining three concepts: (1) the use of a very fine type of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with a width of ~3 nm as the skeletal component of the xerogel; (2) increasing the stiffness of wet CNF gels by reinforcing the inter-CNF interactions to sustain their dry shrinkage; and (3) solvent-exchange of wet gels with low-polarity solvents, such as hexane and pentane, to reduce the capillary force on drying. The synergistic effects of combining these approaches lead to improvements in the porous structure in the CNF xerogels

Multiscale structural control of linked metal–organic polyhedra gel by aging-induced linkage-reorganization

Assembly of permanently porous metal–organic polyhedra/cages (MOPs) with bifunctional linkers leads to soft supramolecular networks featuring both porosity and processability. However, the amorphous nature of such soft materials complicates their characterization and thus limits rational structural control. Here we demonstrate that aging is an effective strategy to control the hierarchical network of supramolecular gels, which are assembled from organic ligands as linkers and MOPs as junctions. Normally, the initial gel formation by rapid gelation leads to a kinetically trapped structure with low controllability. Through a controlled post-synthetic aging process, we show that it is possible to tune the network of the linked MOP gel over multiple length scales. This process allows control on the molecular-scale rearrangement of interlinking MOPs, mesoscale fusion of colloidal particles and macroscale densification of the whole colloidal network. In this work we elucidate the relationships between the gel properties, such as porosity and rheology, and their hierarchical structures, which suggest that porosity measurement of the dried gels can be used as a powerful tool to characterize the microscale structural transition of their corresponding gels. This aging strategy can be applied in other supramolecular polymer systems particularly containing kinetically controlled structures and shows an opportunity to engineer the structure and the permanent porosity of amorphous materials for further applications

Clinical application of removable partial dentures using thermoplastic resin—Part I: Definition and indication of non-metal clasp dentures

AbstractThis position paper proposes a definition and naming standard for removable partial dentures (RPDs) using thermoplastic resin, and presents a guideline for clinical application. A panel of 14 experts having broad experience with clinical application of RPDs using thermoplastic resin was selected from members of the Japan Prosthodontic Society. At a meeting of the panel, “non-metal clasp denture” was referred as the generic name of RPDs with retentive elements (resin clasps) made of thermoplastic resin. The panel classified non-metal clasp dentures into two types: one with a flexible structure that lacks a metal framework and the other having a rigid structure that includes a metal framework. According to current prosthetic principles, flexible non-metal clasp dentures are not recommended as definitive dentures, except for limited cases such as patients with a metal allergy. Rigid non-metal clasp dentures are recommended in cases where patients will not accept metal clasps for esthetic reasons. Non-metal clasp dentures should follow the same design principles as conventional RPDs using metal clasps

Clinical application of removable partial dentures using thermoplastic resin. Part II: Material properties and clinical features of non-metal clasp dentures

This position paper reviews physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic resin usedfor non-metal clasp dentures, and describes feature of each thermoplastic resin in clinicalapplication of non-metal clasp dentures and complications based on clinical experience ofexpert panels. Since products of thermoplastic resin have great variability in physical andmechanical properties, clinicians should utilize them with careful consideration of thespecific properties of each product. In general, thermoplastic resin has lower color-stabilityand higher risk for fracture than polymethyl methacrylate. Additionally, the surface ofthermoplastic resin becomes roughened more easily than polymethyl methacrylate. Studiesrelated to material properties of thermoplastic resin, treatment efficacy and follow-up areinsufficient to provide definitive conclusions at this time. Therefore, this position papershould be revised based on future studies and a clinical guideline should be provided

Liquid-phase synthesis and application of monolithic porous materials based on organic–inorganic hybrid methylsiloxanes, crosslinked polymers and carbons

Our recent progress in porous materials based on organic–inorganic hybrids, organic crosslinked polymers, and carbons is summarized. Flexible aerogels and aerogel-like xerogels with the polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) composition are obtained using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as the sole precursor. Preparation process and the flexible mechanical properties of these aerogels/xerogels are overviewed. As the derivative materials, hierarchically macro- and mesoporous PMSQ monoliths and marshmallow-like soft and bendable porous monoliths prepared from dimethyldimethoxysilane /MTMS co-precursors have been obtained. Organic crosslinked polymer monoliths with well-defined macropores are also tailored using gelling systems of vinyl monomers under controlled/living radical polymerization. The obtained polymer monoliths are carbonized and activated into activated carbon monoliths with well-defined pore properties. The activated carbon monoliths exhibit good electrochemical properties as the monolithic electrode. Some possibilities of applications for these porous materials are also discussed