In silico multi-epitope Bunyumwera virus vaccine to target virus nucleocapsid N protein

Abstract Background Bunyumwera virus can cause 82% mortality in humans currently with no vaccine or drugs for treatment. We described an in silico multi-epitope vaccine targeting Bunyumwera virus nucleocapsid N-protein and predicted B and T cell epitopes for immunogenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and conservancy. For creating the most potent immunological response possible, docking epitopes with HLA alleles are chosen to screen them. The 3D vaccination was docked with the Toll-like receptor-8 using molecular dynamic simulations. To ensure production efficiency, the vaccine sequence was further cloned in silico in a plasmid pIB2 vector. For efficacy and safety, results must be supported in vitro and in vivo. Results The vaccine was cloned to enable expression and translation in a plasmid vector pIB2. It was expected to be antigenic, non-allergenic, and have a high binding affinity with TLR-8 in silico cloning. This multi-epitope vaccination may stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity. Conclusion The vaccine developed in this work was based on the nucleocapsid N-protein of the Bunyumwera virus and was created using a reverse vaccinology method. Further experimental validation is required to assess the vaccine’s therapeutic effectiveness and immunogenicity

Patterns of antimicrobial prescribing, utilization, and cost of in patients attending a tertiary care hospital's general medicine ward: A retrospective study

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic overuse is of great public health concern.Multiple studies performed globally have demonstrated a strong association between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance (AMR), at both individual and community levels and they also shown that Antimicrobials are most commonly prescribed medications in acute care settings with 80% of its usedeemed inappropriate. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to determine the possible impact of appropriate prescribing of antibiotics in General medicine ward of tertiary health centre on treatment outcomes and costs related to  treatment. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study looked at antimicrobial prescribing data in patients admitted to general medicine.Patients data was retrieved from Medical record section and the records of discharged patients were reviewed. The demographic data, disease related data and utilization of antibiotics were noted in specially designed proforma and analyzed. The documented data evaluated for use, safety outcomes and cost for the treatment associated with the use of antibiotics. RESULTS: Female patients 60.2 %(n=759)aremore hospitalized when compared to males, Average length of stay in hospital was 8 days. Majority of hospitalized patients had HTN & DM as primary comorbidities. The widely prescribed antibiotics among all classes as prophylaxis were third  generationcephalosporins in parenteral form. &nbsp

Patterns of antimicrobial prescribing, utilization, and cost of in patients attending a tertiary care hospital's general medicine ward: A retrospective study

Background: Antibiotic overuse is of great public health concern.Multiple studies performed globally have demonstrated a strong association between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance (AMR), at both individual and community levels and they also shown that Antimicrobials are most commonly prescribed medications in acute care settings with 80% of its usedeemed inappropriate. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to determine the possible impact of appropriate prescribing of antibiotics in General medicine ward of tertiary health centre on treatment outcomes and costs related to treatment. Methodology: This retrospective study looked at antimicrobial prescribing data in patients admitted to general medicine.Patients data was retrieved from Medical record section and the records of discharged patients were reviewed. The demographic data, disease related data and utilization of antibiotics were noted in specially designed proforma and analyzed. The documented data evaluated for use, safety outcomes and cost for the treatment associated with the use of antibiotics. Results: Female patients 60.2 % (n=759)aremore hospitalized when compared to males, Average length of stay in hospital was 8 days. Majority of hospitalized patients had HTN & DM as primary comorbidities. The widely prescribed antibiotics among all classes as prophylaxis were third generationcephalosporins in parenteral form