The effect of gabapentin versus intrathecal fentanyl on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in cesarean delivery: a prospective, randomized, double‑blind study

Pain after cesarean delivery is a leading cause of chronic pain and there are many attempts to reduce it without total success. Gabapentin is effective in reducing acute and chronic pain with little experience in parturient. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of pre-emptive gabapentin with intrathecal fentanyl on reducing postoperative pain and morphine consumption in cesarean surgery. METHODS: Seventy-eight primiparous women who scheduled for non-emergency cesarean delivery were enrolled in the study and separated into two groups. The control group received 12.5 mg of heavy bupivacaine 0.5 % plus 10 μg of fentanyl intrathecally and the case group received 300 mg of gabapentin orally 2 h before surgery and 12.5 mg of heavy bupivacaine 0.5 % intrathecally. Data collection including blood pressure, heart rate, neonate sedation, Apgar score, visual analogous scale at several hours, at first, need to analgesic postoperatively. RESULTS: In the fentanyl group, the need for analgesic drug was earlier, total dose of morphine in 24 h and patient satisfaction was higher than the gabapentin group. The mean visual analogous scale at several hours postoperatively in the fentanyl groups was significantly higher than the gabapentin groups (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Preemptive use of gabapentin is a safe and effective way to reduce postoperative pain and morphine consumption in parturients after cesarean surgery

The Impacts of Nanoclay on Sandy Soil Stability and Atmospheric Dust Control

Wind erosion and dust storms are main issues in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of soil stabilizer on unstable land might be an effective and sustainable strategy in arid and semi-arid countries to minimized harmful effects on environment and human health. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of using nanoclay for increasing soil stability, as a result of increasing in size of soil aggregation, and improving soil water holding capacity, as well as improving soil structure in sandy soil. An experiment was conducted with two treatments (0 and 3000 mg/l nanoclay were uniformly spread on the soil surface) in four replications on sandy soil, in Khara desert, nearly 100 km east of Isfahan, Iran. The annual rainfall is about 68/55 mm, mean annual ET0 is 2800 mm/year, and the elevation is 1450 m above sea level. Amount of soil erosion was measured with different wind velocity (31.0, 55.2 and 67.3 km h−1). An aggregation size and water retention of collected soil samples were measured by sieves and pressure plate, respectively. The results showed that the amount of soil erosion in nanoclay-treated soils was significantly different (P>0.05) in comparison with water-treated (control) soils. The volumetric water content at 100 KPa increased in nanoclay-treated soils compared to control treatment. Results also showed that the proportion of 0.25-2 mm aggregate (macroaggregate) significantly increased in nanoclay-treated soils. Based on aforementioned results, it can be concluded that application of nanoclay on soil surface is able to fix the sand and it has ability to cement the particles to each other, increase aggregation and reduce wind erosion. The results suggested that more attention should be directed towards using nanoclay on soil surface of unstable soil areas. That coild be an option for control of the atmospheric dust

The Impacts of Nanoclay on Sandy Soil Stability and Atmospheric Dust Control

Wind erosion and dust storms are main issues in arid and semi-arid regions. Application of soil stabilizer on unstable land might be an effective and sustainable strategy in arid and semi-arid countries to minimized harmful effects on environment and human health. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of using nanoclay for increasing soil stability, as a result of increasing in size of soil aggregation, and improving soil water holding capacity, as well as improving soil structure in sandy soil. An experiment was conducted with two treatments (0 and 3000 mg/l nanoclay were uniformly spread on the soil surface) in four replications on sandy soil, in Khara desert, nearly 100 km east of Isfahan, Iran. The annual rainfall is about 68/55 mm, mean annual ET0 is 2800 mm/year, and the elevation is 1450 m above sea level. Amount of soil erosion was measured with different wind velocity (31.0, 55.2 and 67.3 km h−1). An aggregation size and water retention of collected soil samples were measured by sieves and pressure plate, respectively. The results showed that the amount of soil erosion in nanoclay-treated soils was significantly different (P>0.05) in comparison with water-treated (control) soils. The volumetric water content at 100 KPa increased in nanoclay-treated soils compared to control treatment. Results also showed that the proportion of 0.25-2 mm aggregate (macroaggregate) significantly increased in nanoclay-treated soils. Based on aforementioned results, it can be concluded that application of nanoclay on soil surface is able to fix the sand and it has ability to cement the particles to each other, increase aggregation and reduce wind erosion. The results suggested that more attention should be directed towards using nanoclay on soil surface of unstable soil areas. That coild be an option for control of the atmospheric dust

Spatial integration of fry and fractal analyses in regional exploration: a case study from bafq–posht-e-badam, iran

The goal of this study is to investigate the Fractal as well as Fry analysis which is implemented as complementary methods to evaluate their efficiency as regional exploration tools. The disadvantage of 'Box-counting' method lies in its inadequacy in dealing with low numbers of point data sets. Attempts have been made to use spatial integration of airborne geophysical data to turn this method to an useful tool for detecting the hidden mineralizations.According to the mineralization trends, resulted from Fry analysis using the Rose diagram of the faults within the area, has confirmed field observations concerning structurally controlled mineralization. This suggests that the fractal dimension in 'Box-counting's method must be similar for both mineralization points and fault lines but that is not the case for the study area. Furthermore, 'Number-in-circle' method has been applied to check the anomaly points whose fractal dimension has corresponded to that of the fault lines in 'Box-counting' method. The difference between fractal dimensions of mineralization points and those of fault system lies in the low number of recognized occurrences. As a matter of fact this issue can constract  as an exploration key in leading  to some promising areas that need more complementary surface as well as  underground survey. The significance of airborne geophysical survey in iron deposits mapping and prospecting is in providing some valuable information for better understanding the spatial pattern of mineralization as well as feeding exploration activities with new high-priority areas. This procedure can prove a useful technique to develop the spatial data modeling for regional exploration.The goal of this study is to investigate the Fractal as well as Fry analysis which is implemented as complementary methods to evaluate their efficiency as regional exploration tools. The disadvantage of 'Box-counting' method lies in its inadequacy in dealing with low numbers of point data sets. Attempts have been made to use spatial integration of airborne geophysical data to turn this method to an useful tool for detecting the hidden mineralizations.According to the mineralization trends, resulted from Fry analysis using the Rose diagram of the faults within the area, has confirmed field observations concerning structurally controlled mineralization. This suggests that the fractal dimension in 'Box-counting's method must be similar for both mineralization points and fault lines but that is not the case for the study area. Furthermore, 'Number-in-circle' method has been applied to check the anomaly points whose fractal dimension has corresponded to that of the fault lines in 'Box-counting' method. The difference between fractal dimensions of mineralization points and those of fault system lies in the low number of recognized occurrences. As a matter of fact this issue can constract  as an exploration key in leading  to some promising areas that need more complementary surface as well as  underground survey. The significance of airborne geophysical survey in iron deposits mapping and prospecting is in providing some valuable information for better understanding the spatial pattern of mineralization as well as feeding exploration activities with new high-priority areas. This procedure can prove a useful technique to develop the spatial data modeling for regional exploration

The Effect of Tramadol Addiction on Convulsion and Related Factors

Background: Tramadol is a drug used to control severe pain. Various side effects of this drug have been reported, one of the most important is seizures. The exact cause of tramadol-induced seizures is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tramadol addiction on convulsion and related factors in 2018. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 216 patients with convulsion referred to Imam Hossain Hospital of Shahroud in 2018. After reviewing and stabilizing vital signs, a questionnaire containing demographic information, medical history, medication use (especially tramadol), and drugs was completed by patients. The association between recurrent convulsion and predictors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Data were analyzed and compared using SPSS statistical software, version 16 and related statistical tests. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results: In this study from 216 participants, 154 (71.3%) of them were male and the rest were female. The mean age of the all patients was 44.8±18.2 years (17-72 years) that was no significant difference between the two groups. Recurrent convulsion was significantly associated with history of opium use (Pvalue<0.032) and tramadol using (Pvalue<0.001) and there was no significant relationship with other variables. Tramadol using cans double your chances of having a recurrent convulsion [OR=2 (95% CI: 1.752 – 2.689)]. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that taking tramadol in opium users can increase the incidence of recurrent convulsion, but more research is needed to fully confirm this. Key words: Tramadol, Convulsion, Side effect

Design of Contact Line Friction Measurement Machine Apparatus

The purpose of this project is to design and manufacture a high precision machine to directly measure the surface force of fluids. Knowing how to move droplets easier with less resistance can increase the potential of a wide range of applications and improve the performance of things such as self-assembly applications. This machine has the ability to measure forces of up to 100 N with a MEMS based sensor. The motion system on this machine moves a substrate underneath of a droplet for 100 mm and applies dragging force to the sensor. It moves with a controlled speed with high accuracy and repeatability. The machine also consists of three manual, three axis controls for positioning key components for observation, control of the air vacuum lifter, and adjustment of the sensor position. There is also an enclosure box that provides visibility to operate and protects the inside environment from dirt during process and also by applying positive air flow during setting up with open windows. The test components were designed to provide maximum flexibility to adjust the setup. A camera in the machine contributes to collect data during the test progress and has the ability to capture pictures and record videos

The effect of fascia iliaca compartment block versus gabapentin on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in femoral surgery, a prospective, randomized, double-blind study

Background and Objective: Pain, after orthopedic surgery, is a severe and leading cause of chronic pain with many attempts to reduce it without a total success. Gabapentin is effective in reducing acute and chronic pain. Fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) is a simple, rapid, effective, and safe method of achieving excellent pain relief. The purpose of this study is to compare effect of pre-emptive gabapentin with FIC on reducing postoperative pain and morphine consumption in femoral surgery. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight patients scheduled for elective open reduction internal fixation of femur were enrolled in the study and separated into two groups. The control group received 600 mg of gabapentin orally two hours before surgery and the case group received FICB under general anesthesia. Data, including blood pressure, heart rate, sedation score, visual analogous scale at several hours and first need to analgesic post operatively was collected. Results: The post operation pain in FICB group was significantly lower than gabapentin group (P = 0.000). Patients in FICB group had more of postoperative satisfaction and the time of first need of analgesic and total analgesic consumption was significantly lower than gabapentin group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in complications among the study groups. Conclusion: Fascia iliaca compartment block is a safe, low skill and inexpensive way to reduce postoperative pain after femur surgery in the first hours of postoperative and can be a part of multi-modal therapy with no side effects

The Effect of Fascia illica Block on Severity of Pain and Morphine Consumption in Open fixation of Femur

Background: Open fracture of femur is common after trauma and fixation of it induced moderate to severe post surgery pain Materials and Methods: In a clinical randomized study 78 elective patients divided to two equal groups. All the patients in case and control groups received five milligrams morphine sulfate intramuscular before surgery. In case group patient received fascia illica block as described by Dalens.pain score is recorded after surgery and in 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours post surgery by visual analogous scale. Data of nausea, vomiting shivering and sedation are recorded. Results: Hemodynamic parameters measured between two groups of patients and controls and anesthetic complications such as shivering, nausea and vomiting in patients in both groups were not significantly different. Time to first analgesic demand in patients who received the intervention are later and the total amount of analgesic intake in the intervention group are less than the control group, also, the intervention group had a higher level of satisfaction after the operation (p=0.001) Conclusion: Fascia illica block is simple and effective method in reducing pain with minor side effect. The patient satisfaction is higher relative to common analgesic technique