PACuna: Automated Fine-Tuning of Language Models for Particle Accelerators

Navigating the landscape of particle accelerators has become increasingly challenging with recent surges in contributions. These intricate devices challenge comprehension, even within individual facilities. To address this, we introduce PACuna, a fine-tuned language model refined through publicly available accelerator resources like conferences, pre-prints, and books. We automated data collection and question generation to minimize expert involvement and make the data publicly available. PACuna demonstrates proficiency in addressing intricate accelerator questions, validated by experts. Our approach shows adapting language models to scientific domains by fine-tuning technical texts and auto-generated corpora capturing the latest developments can further produce pre-trained models to answer some intricate questions that commercially available assistants cannot and can serve as intelligent assistants for individual facilities

Status of Data-Driven Beam Trajectory Anomaly Detection at European XFEL

An accurate assessment of beam orbits is a reliable characteristic of operations at SASE beamlines at European XFEL. The current availability of hardware for data-driven models like GPUs enabled to deploy models which are capable of handling enormous throughput of data provide tools for more sophisticated analysis of current operations with state-of-the-art machine learning models. In this work, we are showing our current progress of beam orbit analysis at European XFEL with pure model-free data-driven tools.We examine more advanced models which take the intra-bunching properties into consideration and analyze beam operations with various anomaly detection methods

A Data-Driven Beam Trajectory Monitoring at the European XFEL

A correct localization and prediction of beam trajectory is a crucial part of the proper operation at European XFEL. In many existing works, beam trajectories are modelled based on the physical properties of the sought problem, which can be prone to modelling errors or can lead to the high complexity of the computational model. We handle the analysis as a data-driven problem, separate it from physical peculiarities and experiment with various parametric state-of-the-art models based solely on the data. We show that such modelling provides valuable insights into operations of the European XFEL and can prevent many problems that can be prevented thanks to early detection

High Level Controls for the European XFEL

The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) will generate extremely short and intense X-ray flashes from the electron beam of a 2.1 km long superconducting linear accelerator. Due to the complexity of the facility and the sheer number of subsystems and components, special emphasis needs to be placed on the automatization of procedures, on the abstraction of machine parameters, and on the development of user-friendly high-level software for the operation of the accelerator. The paper gives an overview of the ongoing work and highlights several new tools and concepts

First Realization and Performance Study of a Single-Shot Longitudinal Bunch Profile Monitor Utilizing a Transverse Deflecting Structure

For the control and optimization of electron beam parameters at modern free-electron lasers (FEL), transverse deflecting structures (TDS) in combination with imaging screens have been widely used as robust longitudinal diagnostics with single-shot capability, high resolution and large dynamic range. At the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH), a longitudinal bunch profile monitor utilizing a TDS has been realized. In combined use with a fast kicker magnet and an off-axis imaging screen, selection and measurement of a single bunch out of the bunch train with bunch spacing down to 1us can be achieved without affecting the remaining bunches which continue to generate FEL radiation during user operation. Technical obstacles have been overcome such as suppression of coherent transition radiation from the imaging screen, the continuous image acquisition and processing with the bunch train repetition rate of 10Hz. The monitor, which provides the longitudinal bunch profile and length, has been used routinely at FLASH. In this paper, we present the setup and operation of the longitudinal bunch profile monitor as well as the performance during user operation

Model-Independent Tuning for Maximizing Free Electron Laser Pulse Energy

The output power of a free electron laser (FEL) has extremely high variance even when all FEL parameter set points are held constant because of the stochastic nature of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) FEL process, drift of thousands of coupled parameters, such as thermal drifts, and uncertainty and time variation of the electron distribution coming off of the photo cathode and entering the accelerator. In this work, we demonstrate the application of automatic, model-independent feedback for the maximization of average pulse energy of the light produced by free electron lasers. We present experimental results from both the European x-ray free electron laser at DESY and from the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC. We demonstrate application of the technique on rf systems for automatically adjusting the longitudinal phase space of the beam, for adjusting the phase shifter gaps between the undulators, and for adjusting steering magnets between undulator sections to maximize the FEL output power. We show that we can tune up to 105 components simultaneously based only on noisy average bunch energy measurements

The Virtual European XFEL Accelerator

The ambitious commissioning plans for the European XFEL require that many of the high-level controls are ready from the beginning. The idea arose to create a virtual environment to carry out such developments and tests in advance, to test interfaces, software in general and the visualisation of the variety of components. Based on the experiences and on the systems that are already in operation at the FLASH facility for several years, such a virtual environment is being created. The system can already simulate most of the key components of the upcoming accelerator. Core of the system is an event synchronized data acquisition system (DAQ). The interfaces of the DAQ system towards the device level, as well as to the high-level side is utilising the same software stack as the production system does. Thus, the software can be developed and used interchangeably between the virtual and the real machine. This allows to test concepts, interfaces and identify problems and errors at an early stage. In this paper the opportunities arising from the operation of such a virtual machine will be presented. The limits in terms of the resulting complexity and physical relationships will also be shown

Status of the European XFEL

The European XFEL is a Hard X-ray Free Electron Laser based on superconducting accelerator technology. In operation since 2017, it now serves 3 FEL beamlines simultaneously for user experiments. We will report on the present operation of the linear accelerator, the beam distribution to the various beamlines and the performance of the FEL radiators