Soil Profile Studies under Different Orchard Management System in Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh, India

The investigation conducted at the laboratory of Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha; Mirzapur during the year 2021-22. The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties and macro-nutrient availability of orchard soil depth under (0–15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm) of different blocks of Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh. By using GPS camera, 52 soil samples was collected from different orchard of different blocks of district. The physical and chemical properties of soil were critically analyzed. The pH of orchard soil was found slightly acidic to alkaline in nature. Total soluble salts were found less than 1dSm-1 . Organic carbon was observed high in upper surface (0-15 cm) and decreased with the increasing depth of the profile. Bulk density (1.28 – 1.97 Mg m3) and particle densities (2.49 – 2.65 Mg m3) were found in normal ranged for all the layers. The samples were found under low water holding capacity (30.87-65.24%) of all the orchards. Nitrogen was observed in low (110.30 kg ha-1) to medium (468.28 kg ha-1) range in the different layers (0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90cm). Phosphorus and sulphur content were found medium (8.56-11.78 kg ha-1 and 10.6-13.9 kg ha-1) in surface layer and low (7.10 – 10.65 and 8.4-12.7 kg ha-1) for sub-surface layers. Available                                   potassium was determined in high range (224.0-378.8 kg ha-1) for all the layers (0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 cm)

Appraisal of Soil Physical Properties and Preparation of Soil Variability Maps of Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj-Kota

Aim: The soils of various fields of Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj-Kota were collected and analyzed for the physical properties viz. soil colour, texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity. The soil maps were prepared with the help of GIS software using geo-statistical analysis Study Design:  Soil sampling, soil analysis and soil mapping. Place and Duration of Study: Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj-Kota in 2019 and 2020 Methodology: Total 300 Geo-referenced surface (0-15 cm) soil samples collected. The bulk density of the soils ranged from 1.25 to 1.57 Mg m-3 (mean value 1.43 Mg m-3), particle density ranged from 2.57 to 2.71 Mg m-3 (mean value 2.68 Mg m-3) and the porosity of the soils ranged from 41.42 to 51.92% (mean value of 46.42%). Water holding capacity of the soils ranged from 35.11-52.46% (mean value of 44.31%). Soil colour of the different field soils were brown, dark brown, dark gray, very dark gray, and black. Results: According to soil analysis data and soil variability maps field no. 14 was best in physical properties like bulk density (1.37 Mg m-3), particle density ( 2.62Mg m-3)  and water holding capacity (49.02%) as compared to other fields of ARS, Ummedganj, Kota. Conclusion: Field  no. 14 was best in physical properties like BD, PD, Porosity and WHC as compared to other fields because organic farming practices leads to increase soil organic matter which have positive relation with physical property of the soil

Yield and Economics of Kharif Onion (Allium cepa L.) under Front Line Demonstration in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India

Aim: To disseminate the technology among the farmers through front line demonstration on Kharif onions for enhanced the production and fetching the more income. Study Design: Not applicable. Place and Duration of Study: ICAR-IIVR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deoria, conducted front-line demonstrations on kharif onion at farmers' fields during the kharif season 2017, 2018, and 2019. Methodology: Conducted 33 front-line demonstrations at farmers' fields during the study period. The yield data were recorded. Results: To increase the output of onions through enhanced production technology, 33 front line demonstration on kharif onion were conducted. According to the demonstrations that were undertaken, the improved variety of kharif onions (NHRDF Agrifound dark Red) produced an average yield of 274.4 q/ha, which was greater than the average yield of   check (N-53) i.e. 228.83 q/ha. The average yield improvement over farmer techniques was 19.91%. It was noted that the average extension gap was 45.57 q/ha. The economics of the data showed that, on average, in demonstrations, gross returns were (277453.3/ha), net returns were (191184/ha), and benefit cost ratio was (3.2) as opposed to  check (Niphad-53), where gross returns were 204160/ha, net returns were 122423.3/ha and benefit cost ratio was (2.5). Conclusion: The average yield enhancement over farmer techniques was 19.91%. It was noted that the average extension gap was 45.57 q/ha. The economics of the data showed that, on average, in demonstrations, gross returns were (277453.3/ha), net returns were (191184/ha), and benefit cost ratio was (3.2). Front line demonstration is one of the most important tools for technology transfer to the farmers at the grassroots level that has a significant effect on the horizontal spread of technology as well as build up the strong interaction with the farmer communities

Assessment and Mapping of Micronutrient Cation Distribution in Agricultural Research Station Soil: A Geospatial Approach

Aim: The objective was to construct fertility maps of the area, specifically focusing on micronutrient cations. The research aims to provide valuable insights into the spatial distribution of micronutrients, aiding in the development of targeted agricultural practices and informed decision-making. Study Design:  Soil sampling, soil analysis and soil mapping. Place and Duration of Study: Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj-Kota in 2019 and 2020 Methodology: The study involved the collection of 300 soil samples, with precise coordinate’s locked using GPS technology. Soil variability maps   for soil micronutrient Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu were generated by using Arc GIS 10.5 on the basis of  latitude and longitude of sample site by using hand GPS device and analyzed sample data.  Results: The available-Zn of the soils ranged from 0.03 to 4.39 mg kg-1 with a mean value 0.61 mg kg-1, the soil falls under low (64.67%) to medium (30.33%) in available Zn. The available-Fe of the soils ranged from 1.09 to 12.54 mg kg-1 with a mean value 4.29 mg kg-1, the soils fall under low (58.00%) and medium (31.67%) categories for available Fe. The available-Mn of the soils ranged from 2.27-22.31 mg kg-1 with a mean value 5.74 mg kg-1, the soils of the farm falls under medium (28.33%) to high (69.34%) in available Mn. The available-Cu of the soils ranged from 0.32-2.25 mg kg-1 with a mean value 1.09 mg kg-1, the soil comes under high (57.00%) and very high (30.33%) categories for available Cu. Conclusion: Spatial variability map it was found that a high amount of Zn, Mn, Fe present in the soil of field number 14 and 12A compared to other fields. The possible cause behind this may be due to adoption of organic farming practices in field number 14 and execution of integrated farming system modules in field number 12A from some year

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Not AvailableMolecular interactions among the plants and microbes represent an important microecological phenomenon. The cross talk involves multiple ecological aspects like exchange of metabolites, signaling and chemotaxis, etc. These bilateral interactions are crucial for the health and development of both the plant and colonizing microbes. The signal molecules play major role as inducers of different pathways that contribute indispensable role for the survival of the participants under adverse circumstances and development of symbiotic associations as well. Though the recent high-throughput techniques have generated considerable data regarding the molecular exchanges happening in the rhizosphere microbes and the host, our current knowledge in this area is still in infancy. It is thus critical to get deeper insights of such interactions so as to develop next-generation strategies relating to the sustainable agriculture under the changing climate scenario. We describe herewith the major aspects concerning the contributors and their role in rhizosphere signaling cascades and the consequent post-signaling responses given by the host and the colonizing microbes.ICA

Performance of Cowpea Variety (Kashi Kanchan) under Front Line Demonstration in Eastern Part of Uttar Pradesh, India

Aim: To promote technology among vegetable growers through front-line demonstrations on Cowpea var. Kashi Kanchan in order to increase production and earn more money. Study Design: Not applicable. Place and Duration of Study: ICAR-IIVR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deoria, conducted front-line demonstrations on cowoea var, Kashi Kanchan at farmers' fields in the Deoria District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh during the Zaid season 2019 and 2020. Methodology: During the study period, 45 front-line demonstrations at farmers' fields were undertaken to analyse the extension gap of cow pea. The yield data was collected and examined. Results: According to the demonstrations that were undertaken, the improved variety of cowpea produced an average green pod yield up to 18.18% over farmers practice. Average net return was increased (25.90%) over local (long duration pole type and photo sensitive) varieties during both the year of demonstration. The benefit-cost ratio of two years from demonstrated technology was higher over farmer’s practices. The higher value of the\ B: C ratio (3.52) and net return (Rs. 1,08,275) indicates the more feasibly of the technology in eastern plain of Uttar Pradesh, India. Conclusion: It has been revealed that the cultivation of an improved variety, together with better crop management techniques, significantly increased the productivity and income of cowpea growers. The farmers were quite delighted with the performance of the cowpea variety Kashi Kanchan and encouraged other farmers to do the same in their fields to aid the variety's horizontal spread

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Microbe-Mediated Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop PlantsFluctuating global climate has increasing influence on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture resulting in reduced productivity. The scenario has been estimated to be intensified owing to the increased drought, soil and water salinity, and shortage of water resources. Biotic stress was also encountered in terms of outbreaks of various pathogens. Diseases caused by pathogens are the foremost factor affecting agricultural produce. Copious mechanisms are implemented by plant to tolerate the stressor(s). Key strategies were designed for developing biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant crop varieties, cultivation techniques, and microbial inoculant and products to enhance the tolerance of plants toward biotic and abiotic stresses. In this literature, we focus on the response of plants toward biotic-abiotic stress, plant-beneficial microbes, and microbe-mediated tolerance in crop plants.Not Availabl

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Application of Microbial Products for Enhancing the Nutritional QualityFrequently, altering environmental conditions threaten the agricultural productivity and nutritional quality of the produce. Nutritional requirements of human beings are totally dependent on agriculture. Pressure of increasing population on limited agricultural land to produce nutritionally improved agricultural produce is major concern. Copious strategies were suggested to enhance the nutrient quality of agriculture after the harvesting, but very few strategies were developed and applied in situ. The part of PGPR, AMF, and other endophytic microorganisms in enhancing agricultural productivity is well known. Our current knowledge regarding mechanism of microorganisms in enhancing nutrient quality is still in infancy. This chapter characteristically highlights the involvement of microbes in nutritional enhancement of crops produced and focuses on the probable strategies for nutritional improvement in agricultural produce.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCell-free extracts of twenty terrestrial cyanobacteria were evaluated for their antioxidant properties in terms of free-radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) and metal chelating activity and deoxyribose protection. Extract of Anabaena constricta was the most prominent antioxidant agent (IC50 for DPPH activity 0.91 mg ml−1, ABTS 0.23 mg ml−1, deoxyribose protection 0.63 mg ml−1 and Fe+2-ion chelating 0.9 mg ml−1). The extracts of cyanobacterial species contained high quantity of total phenol and total flavonoid that were supposed to impart prominent antioxidant properties. Cyanobacterial species also showed fairly high PAL activity. We reported varied quantities of polyphenolics gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, vanillic and ferulic acids and flavonoids rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in cyanobacterial extracts. The presence of these polyphenolics was linked with the free radical scavenging, metal chelating and antioxidative damage protecting properties of the organisms. Cyanobacteria are the most feasible, promising and alternative candidates for searching out new chemical leads for industrial applications in pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals and biomolecules of importance. Presence of biomolecules such as polyphenolics and their connection with the prominent biological functions (e.g., antioxidant properties) make these organisms a potential source of secondary metabolites with predominant biological activities. Additionally, dominant presence of polyphenols as antioxidant agents in cyanobacterial species may reflect their adaptation strategies against abiotic stresses for their ecological success in different habitats.ICA

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Health and Nutrient Balance Sheet of Soybean under Vertisols of Rajasthan

  Background: A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2019 at ARS farm, College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Health and Nutrient Balance Sheet of soybean Under Vertisols of Rajasthan. The soil of the experimental field is clay loam having low to medium fertility status and good porosity. Method: The experiment consisted of 10 treatments viz. T0 - Control (Absolute), T1 - RDF (20-40-40), T2 - 75% RDF + FYM (2.0 t ha-1), T3 - 50% RDF + FYM (4.0 t ha-1), T4 - 75% RDF + FYM (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T5 - 50% RDF + FYM (4.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T6 - 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1), T7 - 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1), T8 - 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T9 - 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design and was replicated thrice. Result: Among the nutrient management treatment, application of 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (T9) significantly built up of the soil available nitrogen (258 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (21.67 kg ha-1) and available potassium (445.35 kg ha-1), micronutrient and organic carbon (0.59) was recorded.      &nbsp