Application of 10% Ascorbic Acid Improves Resin Shear Bond Stregth in Bleached Dentin

Restoration of the teeth immediately after bleaching with H2O2 35% is contraindicated due to the remnants of free radical that will stay inside dentin for 2-3 weeks which will compromise the adhesiveness of composite resin. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of 10% ascorbic acid on shear bond strength of composite placed on bleached dentin. Methods:Twenty seven samples were divided equally into three groups. Group 1: dentin was etched with 35% phosphoric acid; Group 2: dentin was bleached with 35% H2O2 followed by etching with 35% phosphoric acid; Group 3: dentin was bleached with 35% H2O2, followed by application of 10% ascorbic acid and etched with 35% phosphoric acid. All samples were then stored at 370C for 24 hours. The Universal Testing Machine was used to measure shear bond strength and the results were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test. Results: After nine independent experiments, 10% ascorbic acid application on bleached dentin resulted in highest increased in bond stregth (56.04±11.06MPa) compared to Group 2 (29.09±7.63MPa) and Group 1 (25.55±2.22MPa) and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Application of 10% ascorbic acid to the bleached dentin improved the shear bond strength of resin composite

PERAWATAN GIGI P1 ATAS DENGAN PERCABANGAN DI SALURAN AKAR SEPERTIGA APEKS (LAPORAN KASUS)

This case study reviewed conventional root canal treatment of a maxillary root canal treatment which unexpectedly had a single canal with two foramens. This tooth was recognized as the last frequent tooth appeared neither with additional canal nor unusual root anatomy. Retreatment for this case was successful through widening of the access cavity and the root canal. While trying the master cone, it revealed that the canal splitted and had two foraments. A thorough knowledge of the root canal anatomy as well as careful radiograph interpretations were essential in enhancing the root-cleaning procedure.

ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF ALOE VERA IRRIGANT ON CANDIDA ALBICANS BIOFILM

Objective: Candida albicans tolerates unfavorable environmental conditions by forming biofilms, which can cause problems following endodontictreatments. C. albicans is the most common fungus found in failed root canals. Using natural irrigants with good antifungal properties for use assynthetic irrigant alternatives during root canal cleaning and shaping is very important. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Aloe vera onC. albicans biofilm.Methods: C. albicans biofilm was divided into the following five groups: Group I, no treatment (control group); Groups II, III, and IV, A. vera with aconcentration of 100%, 75%, and 50%, respectively; and Group V, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 17%.Results: The average biofilm colony count for C. albicans for the A. vera 100%, 75%, and 50% groups was higher than that for the EDTA 17% groupbut lower than that for the control group.Conclusion: A. vera has antifungal effects on C. albicans biofilm, with the greatest effect occurring at 75% concentration

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF NISIN AS AN IRRIGANT AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM

Objective: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of 10% nisin, 2% chlorhexidine (ChX), and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in vitro.Methods: Petri dishes containing brain heart infusion agar were seeded with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and were incubated overnight at 37°C. Thecellulose nitrate filter membrane was inoculated with E. faecalis for 72 h to grow a biofilm, and we performed the direct contact test between the testsolutions and the biofilm for 10 min. The DNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction with propidium monoazide additive to countthe living cells.Results: The number of E. faecalis bacteria in the 2% ChX group was the lowest (8.36×103 CFU/mL) while the highest number of bacteria - among theantibacterial substances tested - in the nisin 10% group (5.55×106 CFU/mL).Conclusion: The antibacterial effects against E. faecalis biofilm of 10% nisin were not comparable with those of 2% ChX and 2.5% NaOCl

TOXIC EFFECTS OF 2.5% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, 17% ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID, AND 2% CHLORHEXIDINE SOLUTIONS ON THE VIABILITY OF DENTAL PULP MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

Objective: Disinfection of the root canal system is a key factor in the success of regenerative endodontic treatment. However, dental irrigationsolutions must exert bactericidal effects while maintaining stem cell viability. This study aimed to compare the effects of solutions containing 2.5%sodium hypochlorite, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 2% chlorhexidine on the viability of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells.Methods: Primary cells were obtained from immature third molars and cultured. Subsequently, an immunofluorescence assay specific for themesenchymal stem cell marker STRO-1 was used to identify dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells in the cultures. These cells were exposed to the threeabove-described solutions, after which cell viability was analyzed using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.Results: The viabilities of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells treated with the three irrigating solutions differed significantly from the viability ofcontrol cells (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences in cell viability were observed among the solutions (P ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: All tested solutions had toxic effects on the viability of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells

DIFFERENCES IN THE POTENTIAL MUTAGENICITY OF RESIN-, SILICONE-, AND BIOCERAMIC-BASED SEALERS ON LYMPHOCYTES: A PROTEIN EXPRESSION ANALYSIS

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the potential mutagenicity of resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers on proteinexpression in human lymphocytes. There has been limited research on resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers effects on protein expressionin lymphocytes.Methods: Nine samples of each sealer were incubated in 2 mL human blood for 1, 3, and 7 days. Then, the isolated lymphocytes are observed forprotein separation by electrophoresis method. Profile of protein bands observed and data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal–Wallis and post hocMann–Whitney.Results: Although no statistically significant differences in protein bands were observed among the resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers(p=0.111), there was a statistically significant difference between the resin- and silicone-based sealers on the 1st day (p=0.046) and 3rd day (p=0.046)and between the silicone- and bioceramic-based sealers on the 1st day (p=0.046). Thus, the present study shows that there were differences in thepotential mutagenicity on the 1st day; resin was potentially more mutagenic followed by bioceramic and silicone. On the 3rd and 7th days, bioceramicwas potentially more mutagenic followed by resin and silicone.Conclusion: The manuscript describes the study in detail and concludes that resin was potentially more mutagenic followed by bioceramic- andsilicone-based sealers

THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF A DIODE LASER USED AS AN ADJUNCT IRRIGANT ON CLINICAL ISOLATE OF ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM (IN VITRO)

Objective: The elimination of bacteria from the root canal has always been a problem in root canal management, and Enterococcus faecalis often found in the persistent intraradicular infections that occur after poor or unsuccessful endodontic treatments. The use of an irrigant with a diode laser adjunct eliminates this bacteria. To analyze and compare the effectiveness of a diode laser, chlorhexidine 2%, and natrium hypochlorite 2.5% on a clinical isolate of E. faecalis biofilms.Methods: Using E. faecalis biofilms from clinical isolate were grown on microtiter well plate, incubated for 24 h and subjected to the following treatments: Natrium hypochlorite 2.5% (5 s), chlorhexidine 2% (5 s), natrium chloride 0.9% (5 s), and the irrigants with additional diode laser irradiation (980 nm, 15 Hz, 1.5 W, 3.5 J, 5 s). The antibacterial effects of the irrigants and diode laser were scored using colony form units (CFU).Results: The clinical isolate colony of E. faecalis that was exposed to a saline solution and diode laser application had the highest score (18700 CFU/ml), while the lowest score (80,00 CFU/ml) was recorded in the group that was exposed to a chlorhexidine 2% irrigant with additional diode laser application.Conclusion: The diode laser had an antibacterial effect on a clinical isolate of E. faecalis biofilm, and this effect was increased when it was used in addition to the application of chlorhexidine 2% and natrium hypochlorite 2.5% irrigants

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AGAINST THE BIOFILM OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM

Objective: Endodontic infections are treated with a root canal; one of the stages involves using an irrigation solution to eliminate microorganisms.Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an irrigation solution used to eliminate Fusobacterium nucleatum, the common cause of primary endodonticinfections. However, this material is synthetic and can cause side effects and inflammation of the periapical tissues. Thus, an irrigation solution, suchas xanthorrhizol, which is made of natural ingredients, is required. However, xanthorrhizol’s antibacterial effect against F. nucleatum has never beenassessed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol, derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., against F. nucleatum ATCC 25586biofilm.Methods: The methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay test and colony count test were performed to assess F. nucleatum eradication after exposure toxanthorrhizol at various concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) and 2.5% NaOCl, which was used as positive control.Results: Significant differences were observed in terms of cell viability after treatment with xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% versus 0.5%,0.75%, and 1%. The MTT assay test was used to evaluate cell viability in the biofilm and cell metabolism activities. Results showed no significantdifferences in terms of efficacy between xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5%, which are considered effective against F. nucleatum, and2.5% NaOCl (p>0.05).Conclusion: The effect of xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5% against F. nucleatum is similar to that of 2.5% NaOCl

CYTOGENETIC COMPARISON OF BIOCERAMIC, SILICONE, AND METHACRYLATE RESIN SEALERS ON T LYMPHOCYTES (MICRONUCLEI ANALYSIS)

Objective: Biocompatibility refers to the manner in which materials respond to living cells and includes cytotoxicity, cytogenicity, genotoxicity, andcarcinogenicity. To determine cytogenicity, we count the micronuclei that form after applying materials to living cells. Sealer is a chemical materialthat can be directly contacted in periapical tissue and is potentially cytogenetic. Bioceramic, silicon, and methacrylate resin sealers have ingredientsthat are potentially cytogenetic. We examined the interactions of these sealers with lymphocyte T-cells.Methods: We counted the number of micronuclei following treatment with bioceramic, silicone, and methacrylate resin sealers on lymphocyte T-cellsat 1, 3, and 7 days.Results: The micronuclei scores associated with bioceramic and silicone sealers were lower than methacrylate resin (p<0.05) between days 1, 3, and 7.The micronuclei scores of bioceramic and silicone sealers on day 1 were higher than on days 3 and 7. There were no significant between-groupdifferences for bioceramic and silicone sealers on days 3 and 7. The highest micronuclei score for methacrylate resin was on day 1.Conclusion: Bioceramic and silicone sealers were less cytogenetic than methacrylate resin sealer. However, all of the sealers produce micronuclei ondays 1, 3, and 7

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY BETWEEN XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AND CHLORHEXIDINE 2% AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS CLINICAL ISOLATE BIOFILM

Objective: In root canal treatments, chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely used for irrigation and is effective in killing Enterococcus faecalis. CHX is a syntheticchemical and is toxic to host cells; therefore, natural or herbal irrigation solutions, which are safer but still effective, are necessary. The aim of thisstudy is to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol (XNT) derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on E. faecalis clinical isolate biofilm formation (0.5%,0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%).Methods: The MTT assay and total plate count were performed for assessing the effectiveness of herbal ingredients, while CHX (2%) was used as apositive control. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests for analyzing differences between groups.Results: Xanthorrhizol concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% reduced the amount of bacteria that grew as biofilms in vitro. We foundthat the ability of xanthorrhizol 1% to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation was not significantly different compared with that of CHX 2% (p>0.05).Conclusion: Xanthorrhizol 1% can inhibit biofilm formation by E. faecalis. Further studies are required to confirm this preliminary result