The effects of strontium-90 on mice

On Sept. 19, 1958 there was published in Science a paper by Dr. Miriam P. Finkel of Argonne National Laboratory in which she communicated her observations on the effects of strontium-90 injected into mice on life expectancy and on incidence of tumors of bone and blood-forming tissues.(1) She discussed the question of whether or not the effects are proportional to the amount of injected strontium-90 at low doses, and reached the conclusion that it is likely that there is a threshold with value for man between 5 and 15 μc. (as compared with the present average value from fallout, about 0.0002 μc., and the predicted steady-state value from fallout for testing of nuclear weapons at the average rate for the past five years, about 0.02 μc.). Her paper ends with the sentence "In any case, the present contamination with strontium-90 from fallout is so very much lower than any of these levels that it is extremely unlikely to induce even one bone tumor or one case of leukemia.

Flash sourcing, or rapid detection and characterization of earthquake effects through website traffic analysis

This study presents the latest developments of an approach called ‘flash sourcing’, which provides information on the effects of an earthquake within minutes of its occurrence. Information is derived from an analysis of the website traffic surges of the European–Mediterranean Seismological Centre website after felt earthquakes. These surges are caused by eyewitnesses to a felt earthquake, who are the first who are informed of, and hence the first concerned by, an earthquake occurrence. Flash sourcing maps the felt area, and at least in some circumstances, the regions affected by severe damage or network disruption. We illustrate how the flash-sourced information improves and speeds up the delivery of public earthquake information, and beyond seismology, we consider what it can teach us about public responses when experiencing an earthquake. Future developments should improve the description of the earthquake effects and potentially contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of earthquake responses by filling the information gap after the occurrence of an earthquake

Extension of the statistical theory of resonating valence bonds to hyperelectronic metals

The statistical treatment of resonating covalent bonds in metals, previously applied to hypoelectronic metals, is extended to hyperelectronic metals and to metals with two kinds of bonds. The theory leads to half-integral values of the valence for hyperelectronic metallic elements

The crystal structure of lithiophorite

Application of structural principles, especially the electroneutrality principle, to lithiophorite leads to the suggestion that it contains alternating layers Al_(14)Li_6(OH)_(42), with one octahedron in 2l vacant, and Mn^)2+)_3 Mn^(4+)_(18)O_(42), repeating in six layers and with hexagonal symmetry, ɑ_(hex) = 1337Å and C_(hex) = 28.20Å space group P3_1. This structure is a superstructure of the monoclinic structure reported by Wadsley in 1952

Comparison of theoretical and experimental values of the number of metallic orbitals per atom in hypoelectronic and hyperelectronic metals

The statistical resonating-valence-bond theory of metals is applied in the purely theoretical calculation of the composition of the Ni-Cu alloy at the foot of the curve of saturation ferromagnetic moment, which marks the boundary between hypoelectronic and hyperelectronic metals and determines the value of the number of metallic orbitals per atom. The results, Ni(44)Cu(56) and 0.722 metallic orbitals, agree with the observed values. This agreement provides strong support of the theory

A revised set of values of single-bond radii derived from the observed interatomic distances in metals by correction for bond number and resonance energy

An earlier discussion [Pauling, L. (1947) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 542] of observed bond lengths in elemental metals with correction for bond number and resonance energy led to a set of single-bond metallic radii with values usually somewhat less than the corresponding values obtained from molecules and complex ions. A theory of resonating covalent bonds has now been developed that permits calculation of the number of resonance structures per atom and of the effective resonance energy per bond. With this refined method of correcting the observed bond lengths for the effect of resonance energy, a new set of single-bond covalent radii, in better agreement with values from molecules and complex ions, has been constructed

Extending Fluke IPC For Transparent Remote Communication

Distributed systems such as client-server applications and cluster-based parallel computation are an important part of modern computing. Distributed computing allows the balancing of processing load, increases program modularity, isolates functionality, and can provide an element of fault tolerance. In these environments, systems must be able to synchronize and share data through some mechanism for remote interprocess communication (IPC). Although distributed systems have many advantages, they also pose several challenges. One important challenge is transparency. It is desirable that applications can be written to a communication interface that hides the details of distribution. One way to achieve transparency is through the extension of local communication mechanisms over a network for remote communication. The ability to transparently extend local communication depends on the semantics of the local IPC mechanisms. Unfortunately, those semantics are often driven by other architectural..

Teknologiska innovationssystem inom energiomr\ue5det: En praktisk v\ue4gledning till identifiering av systemsvagheter som motiverar s\ue4rskilda politiska \ue5taganden

Syftet med denna rapport \ue4r att illustrera hur ett praktiskt inriktat ramverk, tekno- logiska innovationssystem (TIS), kan anv\ue4ndas av analytiker och beslutsfattare vid departement och myndigheter f\uf6r att analysera strategiskt viktiga teknikomr\ue5den \u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc22\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc07\u10fc11\u10fc10\u10fc05\u10fc0d\u10fc14\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc19\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc10\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc0a\u10fc09\u10fc15\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc12\u10fc19\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc18\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc0d\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc25\u10fc04I rapporten analyseras fem TIS centrerade kring havsbaserad vindkraft, marin energi, \u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc09\u10fc1e\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0b\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc15\u10fc19\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0a\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc1a\u10fc1f\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc01\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc10\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc23\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc2e\u10fc16\u10fc17\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc11\u10fc04 systemsvagheter som bromsar omr\ue5dets vidare utveckling, vilka som kan \ue5tg\ue4rdas av systemets akt\uf6rer och vilka som motiverar s\ue4rskilda politiska \ue5taganden. Rapporten utg\uf6r d\ue4rmed ett underlag f\uf6r att formulera \ue5tg\ue4rder f\uf6r att \ue5stadkomma \uf6kad innova- tion, teknikspridning och industrialisering inom ovan n\ue4mnda teknikomr\ue5den.Studien har \ue4ven m\uf6jliggjort en j\ue4mf\uf6rande analys av likheter och skillnader \u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc20\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc03\u10fc18\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc15\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc08\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc02\u10fc23\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc14\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc09\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc04 \u10fc2f\u10fc18\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc22\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc09\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc1a\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc34\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc0d\u10fc18\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc15\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc1f\u10fc0c\u10fc0c\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc0a\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04 mellan omr\ue5dena – de \ue4r starka respektive svaga av olika orsaker. Detta visar att \u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc22\u10fc11\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc18\u10fc06\u10fc0d\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc19\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc10\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc25Samtidigt har omr\ue5dena gemensamma drag. Systemets akt\uf6rer, d\ue4r \ue4ven politiska \u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc09\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc1a\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc18\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc14\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc25\u10fc0e\u10fc13\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc10\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc12\u10fc18\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc22\u10fc04\u10fc08\u10fc0b\u10fc0c\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc12\u10fc04\u10fc0d\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc04 \u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc13\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc10\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc08\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc10\u10fc0a\u10fc09\u10fc08\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc0b\u10fc09\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc22\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc09\u10fc02\u10fc11\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc08\u10fc0b\u10fc0c- skapsn\ue4tverk. Men de har varit s\ue4mre p\ue5 att skapa tidiga nischmarknader som ger utrymme f\uf6r fortsatt l\ue4rande och kostnadsreduktion. S\ue5dana nischer kan ibland skapas av marknadens akt\uf6rer, men ofta kr\ue4vs politiska styrmedel. De beh\uf6vs f\uf6r att investeringar i kunskapsutveckling ska kunna nyttigg\uf6ras och f\uf6r att en bred industriell utveckling inom nya omr\ue5den skall g\uf6ras m\uf6jlig i Sverige.Vidare presenteras l\ue4rdomar kring vad en aktiv teknikpolitik inneb\ue4r. Tv\ue5 huvud- \u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0d\u10fc0b\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc10\u10fc0f\u10fc13\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc22\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc04\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc1e\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc07- h\ue4llsbygget och d\ue4rf\uf6r b\uf6r vara ett politikomr\ue5de bland m\ue5nga samt att den skarpa \u10fc0b\u10fc12\u10fc12\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc2f\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc04\u10fc0d\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc43\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc43\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc43\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0e\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc43\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc03- \u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc15\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc11\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc11\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc16\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc0f\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc1f\u10fc0c\u10fc0c\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc03\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc12\u10fc18\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04 \u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc10\u10fc18\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc13\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc0e\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc02\u10fc15\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc14\u10fc02\u10fc10\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc04 olika faser av innovationssystemets utveckling.F\uf6r att lyckas med en aktiv teknikpolitik beh\uf6vs en h\uf6g grad av koordinering \u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc22\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc14\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc12\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc04\u10fc08\u10fc0b\u10fc0c\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc12\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc10\u10fc0f\u10fc13\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc04 teknikomr\ue5den s\ue5 att ”r\ue4tt” typ av \ue5tg\ue4rder kan s\ue4ttas in vid ”r\ue4tt” tidpunkt av ”r\ue4tt” akt\uf6r. TIS-ramverket lyfts h\ue4r fram som en metod f\uf6r att skapa ett s\ue5dant underlag. Slutligen presenteras en metod f\uf6r projektbed\uf6mningar som syftar till att st\uf6tta handl\ue4ggare i utv\ue4rderingar av projekt inom nya teknikomr\ue5den.Rapporten i sin helhet riktar sig s\ue4rskilt till beslutsfattare och handl\ue4ggare vid myndigheter, departement och politiker, men \ue4ven andra organisationer och indi- vider med intresse av att h\uf6gt st\ue4llda klimatm\ue5l ska kunna n\ue5s samtidigt som en positiv n\ue4ringslivsutveckling m\uf6jligg\uf6rs