Национальная гордость и субъективное благополучие россиян

Since the beginning of the 2000s, subjective well-being of the Russians was growing due to growing incomes and strengthening optimism about the future. However, the worsening economic situation following the crisis in 2008 did not cause the expected fall in subjective well-being rates. One plausible explanation is the growth of national pride. In this paper, it is tested whether or not national pride positively and causally affect happiness and life satisfaction of Russians. Possible compensatory properties of national pride - its hypothetical stronger effect for individuals with low incomes and poor health - are also being investigated. Data: integrated database of the World Values Survey and the European Values Study containing survey data for Russia from 1990 to 2017. Methods: linear regression with instrumental variables. Results: the effect of national pride on subjective well-being is positive and statistically significant (β = 0.26, p-value <0.001), the effect persists while using instrumental variables (β = 0.92, p-value <0.001); the effect is stronger in the period after 2008, as well as for people with low incomes

Kinetics of diffusion interaction in the Ti-NiCr system layered composites

The results of investigation of the diffusion interaction kinetics at the boundary of explosion welded Ti-NiCr system compositions during heat treatment are presented. The structure, chemical and phase composition of the formed diffusion zones are also studied. It is shown that the layered diffusion zone is formed at a temperature below the eutectoid transformation. Diffusion zone consists of solid solutions based on Ti2Ni, TiNi, and TiNi3 intermetallic compounds, as well as chromium-based solid solution inclusions along the boundary with the NiCr alloy. An increase in temperature above the eutectoid transformation leads to an intensification of the growth of the diffusion zone and the diffusion of nickel into the titanium alloy with the formation of a eutectoid structure in it. The use of alloyed titanium alloys instead of commercially pure titanium does not affect the phase composition of the formed diffusion zones, but slows down the diffusion processes

Six months in exile : a new life of Russian emigrants

Published online: 20 May 2023The focus of this report is on Russian emigrants who left Russia after February 24, 2022. This report does not cover those who left earlier, as well as those who are still in Russia, but plan to leave. In August-early September 2022, before the announcement of the "partial" mobilization, the research project OutRush conducted a second wave of the online panel survey of emigrants from Russia who are currently in more than 60 countries all over the globe. We surveyed the respondents in March 2022 and invited new participants by posting and disseminating a link to the survey. The link was distributed through online channels, social media groups, and internet influencers. The participation of those previously surveyed allowed us to draw conclusions about the dynamics of the respondents' movements, and changes in attitudes, plans, and expectations. Our panel data is the only opportunity today to monitor changes within the Russian emigrants' communities who left the country after February 24. The survey data are complemented by a series of semi-structured interviews conducted in the summer of 2022 in Tbilisi

Copper Extraction from Complex Waste Dumps by Biochemical Leaching Method

The article presents the research results for the effectiveness of copper extraction from ores of the Satpayev deposit with complex, mixed composition bacterial leaching. The experiments with pre-acidification of copper samples were performed using biological oxidation by A. Ferrooxidans bacterial culture, adapted strain. Biochemical opening moes of mineral raw materials using A. Ferrooxidans bacteria of a particular strain adapted to the copper waste composition and capable of oxidizing sulfide and iron-bearing minerals were worked out. The optimal growth conditions for microorganisms in copper mineral pulp medium were established (temperature, pH, S: L.) The highest leaching efficiency, up to 88.65%, was observed in the experiments with preliminary bio-oxidation of samples by A. Ferrooxidans bacterial culture

Study of Factors Affecting the Copper Ore Leaching Process

This paper provides an overview of hydrometallurgical copper extraction studies in which liquid extraction technology has been used with four copper deposits of different compositions. The sulfuric acid consumption rate and copper extraction efficiency, which are dependent on the initial content and forms of calcium compounds and other impurities in ore samples, were calculated, and the results are presented herein. It was established that during the leaching process, silicate compounds of alkaline earth metals, in addition to calcium and magnesium carbonate compounds, would affect the levels of sulfuric acid consumption, thereby actively lowering the acidity of the environment. Moreover, these compounds could partially sorb copper ions from sulfuric acid leaching solutions. Thus, the analysis of waste ore samples showed that residual copper is mainly contained in the form of complex silicate complexes. The presence of divalent iron compounds in the composition from one of the deposits also allowed us to perform a biochemical leaching experiment with preliminary oxidation using an Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans bacterial culture adapted to the ore composition. The use of this biochemical method in the copper leaching process resulted in a significant reduction in sulfuric acid consumption, by 40%, and a copper recovery rate of 87.2%

The Value of Public Opinion Polls

This issue focuses on the methodological challenges of wartime polling. Denis Volkov engages with criticisms of Levada surveys. Bryn Rosenfeld answers four questions about wartime surveys. Jeremy Morris challenges the very existence of public opinion. Heiko Pleines introduces Discuss Data’s collection of open-access raw opinion data. Anna Biriukova discusses wartime polling by Aleksei Navalny’s Anti-Corruption Foundation. Elena Koneva and Alexander Chilingaryan highlight how the sociology of war is crucial for policymakers. Aleksei Minialo reflects on activist polling. Finally, Emil Kamalov, Ivetta Sergeeva, Margarita Zavadskaya, and Veronica Kostenko discuss their original panel survey data of the most recent wave of emigration.Diese Ausgabe befasst sich mit den methodischen Herausforderungen von Meinungsumfragen in Kriegszeiten. Denis Volkov setzt sich mit der Kritik an Levada-Umfragen auseinander. Bryn Rosenfeld beantwortet vier Fragen zu Umfragen in Kriegszeiten. Jeremy Morris stellt die Existenz der öffentlichen Meinung an sich in Frage. Heiko Pleines stellt Discuss Datas Sammlung von frei zugänglichen Rohdaten zur Meinungsforschung vor. Anna Biriukova erörtert Umfragen in Kriegszeiten von Aleksei Navalnys Antikorruptionsstiftung. Elena Koneva und Alexander Chilingaryan betonen, wie wichtig die Soziologie des Krieges für politische Entscheidungsträger ist. Aleksei Minialo reflektiert über von Aktivisten durchgeführten Umfragen. Emil Kamalov, Ivetta Sergeeva, Margarita Zavadskaya und Veronica Kostenko erörtern ihre Panel-Umfragedaten zur jüngsten Auswanderungswelle.ISSN:1863-042

Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: A subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial

Background: In the ARISTOTLE trial, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was reduced by apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with AF and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) have a high risk of stroke. We therefore aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin in prespecified subgroups of patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. Methods: Between Dec 19, 2006, and April 2, 2010, patients were enrolled in the ARISTOTLE trial at 1034 clinical sites in 39 countries. 18 201 patients with AF or atrial flutter were randomly assigned to receive apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin (target international normalised ratio 2·0-3·0). The median duration of follow-up was 1·8 years (IQR 1·4-2·3). The primary efficacy outcome was stroke or systemic embolism, analysed by intention to treat. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding in the on-treatment population. All participants, investigators, and sponsors were masked to treatment assignments. In this subgroup analysis, we estimated event rates and used Cox models to compare outcomes in patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. The ARISTOTLE trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NTC00412984. Findings: Of the trial population, 3436 (19%) had a previous stroke or TIA. In the subgroup of patients with previous stroke or TIA, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 2·46 per 100 patient-years of follow-up in the apixaban group and 3·24 in the warfarin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·76, 95% CI 0·56 to 1·03); in the subgroup of patients without previous stroke or TIA, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 1·01 per 100 patient-years of follow-up with apixaban and 1·23 with warfarin (HR 0·82, 95% CI 0·65 to 1·03; p for interaction=0·71). The absolute reduction in the rate of stroke and systemic embolism with apixaban versus warfarin was 0·77 per 100 patient-years of follow-up (95% CI -0·08 to 1·63) in patients with and 0·22 (-0·03 to 0·47) in those without previous stroke or TIA. The difference in major bleeding with apixaban compared with warfarin was 1·07 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0·09-2·04) in patients with and 0·93 (0·54-1·32) in those without previous stroke or TIA. Interpretation: The effects of apixaban versus warfarin were consistent in patients with AF with and without previous stroke or TIA. Owing to the higher risk of these outcomes in patients with previous stroke or TIA, the absolute benefits of apixaban might be greater in this population. Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists are highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but have several limitations. Apixaban is a novel oral direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke in a similar population in comparison with aspirin. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind trial, we compared apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) with warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) in 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one additional risk factor for stroke. The primary outcome was ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. The trial was designed to test for noninferiority, with key secondary objectives of testing for superiority with respect to the primary outcome and to the rates of major bleeding and death from any cause. RESULTS: The median duration of follow-up was 1.8 years. The rate of the primary outcome was 1.27% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 1.60% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.95; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P = 0.01 for superiority). The rate of major bleeding was 2.13% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 3.09% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.80; P<0.001), and the rates of death from any cause were 3.52% and 3.94%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99; P = 0.047). The rate of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.24% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 0.47% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.75; P<0.001), and the rate of ischemic or uncertain type of stroke was 0.97% per year in the apixaban group and 1.05% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.13; P = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with atrial fibrillation, apixaban was superior to warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism, caused less bleeding, and resulted in lower mortality. Copyright © 2011 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved